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Science > 2Y: Human Reproduction > Flashcards

2Y: Human Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the way that new individuals are made from their parents.

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2
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

Sexual Reproduction means that two new parents are needed to form the new offspring. Each parents produces a cell to form a baby.

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3
Q

What is a female cell and a male cell called?

A

The female cell is the egg and the male cell is is the sperm.

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4
Q

What is the term for these two cells?

A

These two cells are called gametes (or sex cells).

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5
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The egg and sperm cells need to fuse(join together) to form the first cell of the baby. The joining of the egg and sperm cells is called fertilisation.

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6
Q

What is the first cell of the new individual called?

A

The first cell of the new individual is called a Zygote.

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7
Q

Name the 5 female reproductive parts?

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Fallopian Tube
  3. Uterus(womb)
  4. Cervix
  5. Vagina
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8
Q

What is the function of the Ovary?

A

The ovary produces egg (and hormones).

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9
Q

What is the function of the Fallopian Tube?

A

The fallopian tube carries eggs from the Ovary to the Uterus. Fetilisation takes place here.

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10
Q

What is the function of the Uterus(Womb)?

A

The uterus(womb) holds the baby during pregnancy.

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11
Q

What is the function of the Vagina?

A

The vagina holds the penis during intercourse.

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12
Q

What is the function of the Cervix?

A

The cervix is the entrance to the womb/uterus.

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13
Q

Name the 5 male reproductive parts?

A
  1. Testicle
  2. Scrotum
  3. Sperm Duct
  4. Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicle
  5. Penis
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14
Q

What is the function of the Testicle?

A

The testicles produces sperm (and hormones).

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15
Q

What is the function of the Scrotum?

A

The scrotum holds the testicles outside the body where it is slightly cooler.

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16
Q

What is the function of the Sperm Duct?

A

The sperm duct carries sperm to the penis.

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17
Q

What is the function of the Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles?

A

The prostate gland and seminal vesicles produce liquid to nourish the sperm and allow it to swim.

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18
Q

What is the function of the Penis?

A

The function of the penis is to transfer sperm to the female.

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19
Q

What is the function of the Male Reproductive System? (2)

A
  1. To produce sperm (male gametes).
  2. To deliver the sperm to the female body.
20
Q

What is the function of the Female Reproductive System? (3)

A
  1. To produce eggs (female gametes).
  2. To hold and nourish the developing baby during pregnancy.
  3. To give birth to the baby.
21
Q

What are the 2 part of the Male Gamete? (sperm)

A
  1. The head - carries the DNA.
  2. The tail - for swimming/movement.
22
Q

What is Puberty?

A

Puberty is the time when the sex organs mature and other physical and emotional changes take place.

23
Q

When does puberty begin in Boys?

A

Puberty begins in biys around 12-13 years old, but it can be earlier or later.

24
Q

What are some of the features that develop in boys during puberty? (5)

A
  1. Testicles and penis grow.
  2. Shoulders broaden and body nuscle increases.
  3. Voice breaks and deepens.
  4. Hair grows arouns the sex organs, face, chest and under arms.
  5. Production of sperm begins.
25
Q

When does puberty begin in Girls?

A

Usually begins earlier than boys about 11-12 years, but again it can vary.

26
Q

What are some of the features that develop in girls during puberty? (5)

A
  1. The ovaries and womb grow in size.
  2. The breasts enlarge and hips widen.
  3. Hair grows around the sex organs.
  4. Productions of eggs begin.
  5. The menstruation cycle begins.
27
Q

What is the Menstrual Cycle?

A
  • All girls are burn with thousands of immature eggs in their ovaries.
  • From puberty onwards, one egg matures every month.
  • If this egg is fertilised, it can grow into a baby in the womb.
28
Q

What is the fertile period?

A

The fertile period is the time when fertilisation is most likely to take place and females can become pregnant.

It is usually day 11 to 17 of the cycle.

29
Q

What happens during days 1-5 of the cycle?

A
  • Main Event: Menstruation - lining of the womb breaks down.
  • Why? The egg from the last cycle was not fertilised, so the lining is not needed.
30
Q

What happens during days 6-13 of the cycle?

A
  • Main Event: Blood lining of the womb repairs and builds up again.
  • Why? Getting new lining ready.
31
Q

What happens during days 14 of the cycle?

A
  • Main Event: Ovulation - an egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
  • Why? To make an egg available for fertilisation
32
Q

What happens during days 15-28 of the cycle?

A

Main Event: Egg travels down to the womb. The lining of the womb builds up more. If fertilisation doesnt occur, the lining begins to break down.

Why? The womb is preparing in case of fertilisation.

33
Q

When is the egg released into the fallopian tube?

A

The egg is released into the fallopian tube around day 14 and can survive 12-24 hours.

34
Q

How long can sperm survive in the fallopian tube?

A

Sperm can survive in the fallopian tube for 3 days.

35
Q

What is sexual intercourse?

A

Sexual intercourse is placed into the vagina.

36
Q

What happens during sexual intercourse?

A
  1. Penis is stimulated - becomes hard and erect.
  2. Vagina becomes stimulated and produces fluid which moistens it.
  3. Penis is placed in the vagina.
  4. After further stimulation, ejaculation occurs.
  5. Semen (seminal fluid and sperm) is released into the female.
  6. Sperm will move up to the egg in the female reproductive system (caused by chemicals released from the egg).
  7. The tail moves the sperm.
  8. The egg and sperm join together together to form a zygote. This process is called fertilisation.
37
Q

What happens to the Zygote?

A

The Zygote then begins to split into more and more cells….making a ball of cells called an embryo.

38
Q

What happens to the embryo when it arrives at the uterus? (3)

A
  1. Once the embyro arrives at the uterus, it attaches itself to to the lining of the wall.
  2. Once the embryo is attached, it keeps diving and new tissue is made.
  3. By 8-9 weeks, bones start to develop. It is not called a foetus.
39
Q

How long is preganancy?

A

About 40 weeks.

40
Q

What happens for the weeks 8-40?

A

The foetus develops until it can survive outside the mother.

41
Q

Label the womb diagram?

A
42
Q

What are the 3 stages of childbirth?

A
  1. Labour
  2. Delivery of the baby
  3. Delivery of the placenta
43
Q

What happens during labour?

A
  • Bag of amniotic fluid bursts (water breaks).
  • Muscles of uterux begins to contract in a pattern widening the cervix.
44
Q

What happens during delivery of the baby?

A

The babys head is pushed down out of the womb and through the vagina.

45
Q

What happens during delivery of the placenta?

A
  • Umbilical cord is cut. Fits time baby breathes by itself.
  • Placenta comes lose from the wombs wall and passes out.
46
Q

What is contraception?

A

Contraception is a way to control how many children you have.

Contraception is the prevention of fertilisation and implantation.

47
Q

Name 4 types of contraception?

A
  1. Abstinence
  2. Condoms
  3. Contraceptive Pill
  4. Natual Method

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