2nd Semester Test

Question 1

Al-Khwarizmi

Answer 1

Borrowed numbering system and zero from Indian scholars, resulted in Arabic numbering system and algebra.

Question 2

New ideas from the scientific revolution

Answer 2

Heliocentric (sun-centered) Nicolaus Copernicus. Galileo challenged accepted beliefs. Universal gravitation by Newton. William Harvey published accurate description of blood flow.

Question 3

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 3

Developed heliocentric or sun centered universe theory

Question 4

Microscope

Answer 4

Invented by Anton van Leewenock. Magnifies between 250 and 300 times larger. Observed bacteria, and the flow of blood.

Question 5

Effect of the scientific revolution on the church

Answer 5

Lessened the power of the church. People stopped relying on authority to tell them what they believed.

Question 6

Caravel

Answer 6

A ship designed for long voyages with square sails on European ships (power), triangular lateen sails on Arabian ships (quick turns)

Question 7

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 7

Between Spain and Portugal in 1494 established a line from north to south around the world. Spain could claim lands to the west of the line, Portugal to the east.

Question 8

Spanish Armanda

Answer 8

King Phillip ll angered by the English attacking cargo ships from the Americas, so he sent an invasion force of 130 ships and 19000 soldiers. He was defeated by the English.

Question 9

Mercantilism

Answer 9

The idea that a nations power depends on its wealth. A nation can gain wealth in two ways, mine gold or silver or trade favorably.

Question 10

Christopher Columbus

Answer 10

Traveled west to go to India instead of east thinking it was a faster route. Knew earth was round. Estimated the earth 3/4 as large as it actually is. Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand sponsored him, but they were skeptical. Left Spain in 1492 with 3 caravels and 90 men. Landed on the island of Hispaniola on October 12. Thought he was in India. Didn’t find trade goods. Set up settlement, sailed back to Spain. 3 more journeys to “India”. Found no proof, stopped getting sponsored, died in 1506 a bitter and lonely man.

Question 11

Galileo

Answer 11

Italian scientist, invented telescope, challenged classical ideas. Telescope helped prove heliocentric theory, but the church forced him to deny his findings.

Question 12

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 12

Invented microscope and studied bacteria as well as blood flow. He published accurate work on blood flow.

Question 13

Hippocrates

Answer 13

Lived in 400 b.c. Believed scientists could diagnose diseases by studying many cases of them.

Question 14

Renaissance

Answer 14

1300 to 1600s was a period of creativity in art, writing, and thought. Began in Italy, then spread to the rest of Europe.

Question 15

What caused the Renaissance

Answer 15

England and France developed as nations in the 1100-1200s. Plague and Hundred Years’ War weakened feudal way of life. Expansion of trade and a strong merchant class made the cities thrive and grow. Opening of the silk roads. New ways of thinking by people who want to enjoy life after surviving he Middle Ages.

Question 16

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 16

Italian lived in 1200s. Scholar, he argued that classical philosophy and Christian faith could exist in harmony.

Question 17

Francis Bacon

Answer 17

Politician. Wanted to incorporate rational into politics and science. Writings helped the English legal system determine a world standard for fairness. Died while testing a theory.

Question 18

Henry the Navigator

Answer 18

Prince Henry, son of Portugal’s King was a strong supporter of exploration. He set up a school for map makers, navigators, and ship builders. He sponsored voyages.

Question 19

Age of exploration

Answer 19

A point of time when many countries were traveling and sponsoring voyages to find trade routes. Henry the navigator set up a navigation school. Columbus traveled to the Americas. 1400-1700s. Portugal, Spain, and many other countries took part in this age.

Question 20

Portuguese trade

Answer 20

By 1460, Portugal had trading post along Africa’s west coast. Traded gold, ivory, and slaves. Set up a trading post in India, then eventually in current day Indonesia (spice islands).

Question 21

Colombian exchange

Answer 21

The movement of living things (slaves, animals, plants, diseases etc.) between hemispheres. After Columbus. Diseases brought by this killed 20 million native Americans.

Question 22

Adam smith

Answer 22

The author of the wealth of nations. He argued that the economy should be free of government interference. He provided a model for the U.S. Economic system.

Question 23

How did Christianity contribute to the enlightenment

Answer 23

Christianity spread, and faith became more important than reason. It was believed that every one was equal in the eyes of God.

Question 24

John Locke

Answer 24

English philosopher who set the stage for the enlightenment. Said people were born with natural rights, and opposed the divine right of kings.

Question 25

The social contract

Answer 25

Written by Jean Jacques Rousseau. He argued that democracy was the best form of government. Opposed nobility because he believed everyone was created equal.

Question 26

Women’s rights

Answer 26

Held salons where they shared and discussed social and political ideas and education. Men and women spoke as equals in these places.

Question 27

Enlightened despot

Answer 27

A ruler with absolute power who believes that he is enlightened, or just in his/her actions.

Question 28

Frederick ll

Answer 28

Ruled from 1740-1786
broadened religious tolerance, greatened freedom of the press, made the legal system more just, improved education, outlawed torture. Did not help Jews or serfs.

Question 29

Joseph ll

Answer 29

outlawed torture, reformed justice system, abolished the death penalty

Question 30

Declaration of Independence and who impacted its creation

Answer 30

Colonies declares independence from Britain. It was impacted my Locke and the Magna Carta.

Question 31

The bill of rights

Answer 31

Gave protection to rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. English bill of rights granted basic freedom to the citizens.

Question 32

Ptolemy

Answer 32

Tan astronomer who expanded on aristotles views. Claim that small objects in the solar system have their own orbits, but they revolve around earth at the same time.