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Biology > 2nd Semester Final > Flashcards

2nd Semester Final Flashcards

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1
Q

The term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

A

Homologous

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2
Q

The term used to refer to a cell that contains to sets of homologous chromosomes

A

Diploid

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3
Q

The term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

A

Haploid

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4
Q

The process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

The process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

A

Crossing-over

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6
Q

A fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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7
Q

The principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

A

Base pairing

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8
Q

A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

A

Transformation

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9
Q

A kind of virus that infects bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

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10
Q

The process of copying DNA prior to cell division

A

Replication

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11
Q

The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

A

Telomere

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13
Q

A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

A

Ribonucleic acid(RNA)

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14
Q

A type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

A

Messenger RNA

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15
Q

A type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA

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16
Q

A type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA

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17
Q

The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, or pattern

A

Transcription

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18
Q

A long chain of amino acids that makes a protein

A

Polypeptide

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19
Q

A collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation ova particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

A

Genetic code

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20
Q

A group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

A

Codon

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21
Q

A process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

A

Translation

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22
Q

A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

A

Anticodon

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23
Q

A change in the genetic material of a cell

A

Mutation

24
Q

A gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

A

Point mutation

25
Q

A mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

A

Frame shift mutation

26
Q

A chemical or physical agent in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation

A

Mutagen

27
Q

A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploidy

28
Q

Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

A

Evolution

29
Q

The preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms

A

Fossil

30
Q

The selective breeding of plants and animals to promote desirable traits in offspring

A

Artificial selection

31
Q

A heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

A

Adaptation

32
Q

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

A

Fitness

33
Q

The process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

A

Natural selection

34
Q

A classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

A

Binomial nomenclature

35
Q

A group closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature

A

Genus

36
Q

The science of naming and grouping organisms

A

Systematics

37
Q

In classification, a group of similar genera

A

Family

38
Q

In classification, a group of closely related families

A

Order

39
Q

In classification, a group of closely related orders

A

Class

40
Q

In classification, a group of closely related classes

A

Phylum

41
Q

The largest and most inclusive group in the Linnaean classification system

A

Kingdom

42
Q

A larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom

A

Domain

43
Q

The domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria

44
Q

The domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that to not contain peptidoglycan

A

Archaea

45
Q

The domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

46
Q

A particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells

A

Virus

47
Q

The protein coat surrounding a virus

A

Capsid

48
Q

A kind of virus that infects bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

49
Q

A type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

A

Lytic infection

50
Q

A type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

A

Lysogenic infection

51
Q

An RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information

A

Retrovirus

52
Q

A complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi; also found in the exoskeletons of insects

A

Chitin

53
Q

One of the many long, slender filaments that make up the body of a fungus

A

Hypha

54
Q

The reproductive structure of a fungus that grows from the mycelium

A

Fruiting body

55
Q

A densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus

A

Mycelium

56
Q

A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism

A

Lichen

57
Q

A symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

A

Mycorrhiza

Biology (10 decks)

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