2nd Semester Final Flashcards
The term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent
Homologous
The term used to refer to a cell that contains to sets of homologous chromosomes
Diploid
The term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes
Haploid
The process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Meiosis
The process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Crossing-over
A fertilized egg
Zygote
The principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
Base pairing
A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
Transformation
A kind of virus that infects bacteria
Bacteriophage
The process of copying DNA prior to cell division
Replication
The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome
Telomere
A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
Ribonucleic acid(RNA)
A type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Messenger RNA
A type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
A type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, or pattern
Transcription
A long chain of amino acids that makes a protein
Polypeptide
A collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation ova particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis
Genetic code
A group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein
Codon
A process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein
Translation
A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA
Anticodon
A change in the genetic material of a cell
Mutation
A gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
Point mutation
A mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
Frame shift mutation
A chemical or physical agent in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation
Mutagen
A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy
Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Evolution
The preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms
Fossil
The selective breeding of plants and animals to promote desirable traits in offspring
Artificial selection
A heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment
Adaptation
How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
Fitness
The process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
Natural selection
A classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
Binomial nomenclature
A group closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
Genus
The science of naming and grouping organisms
Systematics
In classification, a group of similar genera
Family
In classification, a group of closely related families
Order
In classification, a group of closely related orders
Class
In classification, a group of closely related classes
Phylum
The largest and most inclusive group in the Linnaean classification system
Kingdom
A larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom
Domain
The domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan
Bacteria
The domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that to not contain peptidoglycan
Archaea
The domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus
Eukaryotes
A particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells
Virus
The protein coat surrounding a virus
Capsid
A kind of virus that infects bacteria
Bacteriophage
A type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst
Lytic infection
A type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA
Lysogenic infection
An RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information
Retrovirus
A complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi; also found in the exoskeletons of insects
Chitin
One of the many long, slender filaments that make up the body of a fungus
Hypha
The reproductive structure of a fungus that grows from the mycelium
Fruiting body
A densely branched network of the hyphae of a fungus
Mycelium
A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
Lichen
A symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi
Mycorrhiza
