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NUTRITION > 2e. Reproduction and Growth > Flashcards

2e. Reproduction and Growth Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the average gestation about dogs?

A

~63 days

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3
Q

What do we know about weight and weight gain with gestation in dogs?

A

healthy weight gain is 15-25% more than pre-breeding weight
weight gain predominantly in the last third of gestation
after whelping, should weight about 5-10% more than pre-breeding weight

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4
Q

What energy needs do dogs need during gestation?

A

2 phases
0-42: feed to maintenance
42-birth: inc energy feed by +10%/wk
At parturition, 30% above maintenance for sm litters, 50-60 for lg

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5
Q

What is the average gestation for cats?

A

63-64 days

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6
Q

What do we know about weight and weight gains of female cats during gestation?

A

weight increases steady from conception to parturition - weight stored as fat to support lactation
Mean weight gain in queens if 40% of pre-breeding weight
lose 40% of this at parturition
remaining 60% sustains milk prd

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7
Q

What energy needs do cats have during gestation?

A

single phase requiring increase in energy intake
increase energy fed by 10%wk starting from conception
at parturiton, 140-150% above maintenance energy needs
energy density of food often limiting factor

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8
Q

How is nutrition important in lactating dogs?

A

energery req steadily increases post whelping
peaks btw 3-5wks, 2-4x higher than maintenance
returns to maintenance about 8wks post whelping

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9
Q

What is method 1 for determining energy needs?

A

energy req divided into maintenance energy and energy for milk prod
DER for lactating dogs higher than other adults bc of stress and inc activity of caring for puppies
Ex. DER = 145xbw^0.75
145x20kg^0.75
= 1378kcal

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10
Q

What is lactating energy based on?

A

based on body weight, week of latation and number of puppies in litter

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11
Q

What is method 2 for determining energy needs?

A

considers litter size but does not take into week of lactation
DER 2.1 x70(bw^0.75)
2.1x70(2o^0.75) = 1390kcal
EL = +25% DER/puppy
EL = 1390(0.25)x5puppies
348kcal x 5
= 1740
ME = 1390 + 1740 = 3130

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12
Q

What is method 3 for calculating energy needsq

A

takes into consideration changes in energy needs throughout diff weeks of gestation but not litter size
RER = 70x20^0.75
+662kcal > 1.8x662 = MER 1192kcal
Lactationwk1: 150-200% MER
wk2: 200-300% MER
wk 6-weaning: gradual decrease to 150% MER
ME3= MERx220% > 1192x2.2 - 2622

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13
Q

What is important to know about nutrition with cat lactation/

A

most energy-demanding stage of a cat’s life
peak milk production occurs at 3-4 wks of lactation
energy intake continues to increase; however does take into consideration the energy requirement of both queen and kittens
weight and energy intake of queen returns to normal by weaning

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14
Q

Why are proteins important for repro and growth?

A

inadequate protein can result in
lower birth weights, higher neonatal mortality, impaired immune systems, poor lactation, poor growth
consider digestibility and AA profiles as well as amound

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15
Q

Why are fats and fatty acids important in repro and growth?

A

inc fat intake during gestation (last trimester in dogs) could = inc fat content in milk by 30%
allows for high caloric density req for C/D (more than twice the calories of protein and carbs)
arachidonic acid essential for cats for fetal brain development, gestation/repro success, viability of kittens

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16
Q

Why is DHA important in repro and growth? What does DHA stand for?

A

docosahexaenoic acid (omega 3 fatty acid)
supports retinal and auditory development
important in brain development
milk concentrations parallel food intake
now recognized by AAFCO as an essential nutrient for growth

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17
Q

Why are carbohydrates important for growth and repro?

A

no true carbs requirement during gest + lact
digestible carbs = protect against weight loss during preg, inc birth weight and neonatal survival, improves lactaction performance
feeding a carb-free det to dogs inc risk of periparturient hypoglycemia (also caused by poor BCS and malnutrition) - protein must be inc by at least 50% (and doubled when energy req are highest) to combat this risk if no carbs given

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18
Q

Why is calcium and phosphours important in repro and growth?

A

Ca/P needs similar to those for maintenance for early gestation in dogs
during later parts of gestation (dogs) and during gestion (cats) and during lact (both) requirements inc
rapid fetal skeletal growth, milk prod
Calcium-phosphorus ratio important
commercial supplementation not recommended when appropriately balanced foods being fed

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19
Q

What is ecalmpsia?

A

sudden dec in extracellular Ca con
highest risk @ wks 2-3 bc Ca loss highest via secretion in milk
Typically affected dogs are primipara, <4yrs, toy breed dogs, high litter size
Ca supplementation during preg can predispose
impairs normal Ca mobilization from bone
Ca homestatis unable to maintain lvls when demand increases

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20
Q

What are 3 critical factors to ensure neonatal success

A

maternal nutrition during gestation/lact critical
behav and physical health of the dam
neonatal husbandry

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21
Q

Describe the neonatal period?

A

from whelping to when eyes start to open (~13 days)
two activities - sleep, nursing
Spend >80% time sleeping - never deep sleep or quiet

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22
Q

Describe the transition period

A

from when the eyes open to 3 eks of age
responsive to enviro
playing and tail wagging behaviours develop
lose need for perineal stimulation

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23
Q

describe the socialization period

A

from 2wks to weaning
social bonds are formed, social hierarchies develop
exposure to diff stimulation and experience critical for behavioural development

24
Q

What is colostrum?

A

first milk (first 24-72hours post whelping)
nutrients, water, growth factors, digestive enzymes, maternal immunoglobulins
contains twice as much protein as milk - entire difference made up of immunoglobulins

25
Q

Explain colostrum and immunoglobulin exchange post birth

A

transplacental transfer of immunity very low in D/C bc of difference in placenta than other species, only 5-10% IgG from transplacental transfer
Immunoglobulins can only cross intestinal barrier immediately following birth bc intestinal tract begins to mature after birth and the barrier will close at 12-16hrs
critical that babies ingest colostrum

26
Q

What % of puppies are at risk of neonatal death bc they do not receive adequate colostrum?

A

18%

27
Q

In regards to neonates, what is milk?

A

complete food for neonates
as it matures from colostrum, the dry matter content decreases
directly related to decrease in protein (immunoglobulins)
vitamins and minerals decrease as milk matures
lactose content increase

28
Q

Why is proteins important for neonates?

A

protein digestibility in milk very high (up to 99%)
provides high lvls of necessary AAs like arginine, lysine, taurine (cats)
dietary taurine intake influences milk conc - cows milk is a poor source of taurine

29
Q

Why is fat and fatty acids in milk important?

A

for energy and essential fatty acids
puppies/kittens born w/ low body fat stores
1.5% total body mass is fat in puppies
22% of total body mass is fat in adult dogs w/ ideal BCS
fat content and quality reflect diet of dam - supply essential fatty acids linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

30
Q

Why are carbs in milk important

A

lactose primary carb in milk, lower in cows milk
high conc of lactose = inc osmolality which draws water into intestine
infant formulas high in starch - pancreatic amylase activity is insignificant or low for first several weeks
puppies and kittens will not be able to digest starch

31
Q

What should we know about temperature and neonates?

A

born poikilothermic, very little fat
normal temp for 1st wk is 35-36%
hypothermia: <34 digestive transit stops and <32 sucking reflex is lost
dams may also neglect hypothermic neonates
keep enviro temp 30C
normal temp for 2nd wk is 36-38, keep enviro temp 28C
for 3rd wk 38-39, enviro temp 25C
after 3rd, 21-22C sufficient enviro temp

32
Q

Why does humidity matter in neonates?

A

target enviro humidity of 45-65%
dry (<45%) enviro - risk of dehydration
Humid (>65%) environments - risk of bacterial proliferation

33
Q

What are the risks of hypoglycemia, hypothermia nd dehydration?

A

illnesses - infections, parasites, diarrhea
Hypoxia - dystocia, prolonged birth
Inadequate milk intake - orphans, maternal rejection, refusal or inability to nurse, inadequate milk production
low birth weight

34
Q

How do we treat gluclose lvls?

A

via sq injection
necessary as first step to meet sudden inc in energy requirements during warming

35
Q

How do we warm up a patient

A

depressed GI motility until warmed
slowly and progressively over 1-3hrs
prevent O and energy requirements of tissues from increasing beyond what neonate can provide

36
Q

How do we treat w/ oral hydration and nutrition of the 3 H’s

A

once body temp restored, oral solutions via stomach tube, nursing should be encouraged early

37
Q

In terms of neonatal weight gain, what is an early sign of an issue>

A

if weight gain has plateau’d or there is weight loss

38
Q

What is weaning?

A

gradual process
begin at 3-4wks as puppies/kittens start to eat solid foods, often dams food, 95% of caloric intake still from milk
5-6wks near 30% of caloric intake from food, dam may avoid offspring, suckling encourages milk prod so time away from dam beneficial
ends at 6-9wks

39
Q

When weaning, what is a good schedule to follow?

A

wk1 - 2 water : 1 part kibble
wk2 - 1:1
wk3 - 0.5water/milk replacer:1part kibble
4+ kibble only
feeding in smaller and more frequent meals (4per day) can improve stool quality in puppies

40
Q

What is the immunity gap?

A

colostrum provides Ab
offspring start prod their ow but protection doesn’t completely overlap
occurs around 8wks which is when we vx them

41
Q

How does nutrition differ with orphaned offspring?

A

method of handfeeding depends on age, vitality and suckling reflex of neonate
bottle feeding: preferred method for neonates w/ good suckling reflex, can nurse until satiated and reject formula when full, opening should only allow one drop at a time when bottle inverted, sucked not squeezed
tube feeding: quicker, good for weak neonates w/ poor suckle reflex, feed tube down esophagus, ensure proper placement, slowly syringe formula, monitor stomach for distention, stop if becomes taunt

42
Q

How many times do we feed orphaned offspring?

A

at least 4xdaily
very young or weak neonates should be fed every 2-4hrs
milk replacer should be warmed (38C) and fed slowly
if diarrhea develops, reduce food volume or dilute w/ water - gradually return to lvls to meet caloric requirements

43
Q

what are the energy requirements of uppies

A

until pup has 50% of adult BW, DER is 3xRER
after, DER should be 2.5xRER and progressively reduced to 2xRER
pupy reached 80% adult BW, DER should be 1.8-2xRER

44
Q

By what age do giant breeds reach 50% of adult BW?

A

5-6mo

45
Q

By what age do small breeds reach 50% of adult BW?

A

3mo

46
Q

What are the energy requirements for kittens

A

typically reach 80% of adult BW @ 30wks
reach adult body weight at 40wks (10mo)
at 10wks, DER = 200 kcal/kg BW
declines to 8-kcal/BW by 10mo

47
Q

What happens to weight after being spayed?

A

weight inc by 30%
food consumption by 20%
activity lvl dec 52%

48
Q

What are the protein requirements for growth?

A

differ from adults in quantity and quality
highest at weaning and decrease progressively
provide structure for maintenance and growth of; hair and nails, ligaments, tendons, bones, cartilage, muscles, brain
specific AA important for growth (sulfur-containing AAs)

49
Q

What is the relation of protein and giant breed dogs?

A

protein essential for tissue growth
developmental issues more often linked to hi Ca levels rather than protein
not recommended to transition giant breed puppies to adult formula at 6mo

50
Q

why are fats and fatty acids important for growth

A

excellent source of energy (higher conc than proteins or fats)
EFA’s like linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, DHA (neural, retinal and auditory development, rapid brain development occurs for first 6wks after birth, studies show inclusion improved trainability in puppies

51
Q

Why does digestibility matter in offspring growth?

A

ability of offspring to digest ood less than adults
foods low in digestibility mean that puppies/kittens need to eat more to grow - flatulence, vomiting, diarrhea
activity of enzymes changes w/ time - pancreatic amylase for starch digestion doubles btw 9-16wks and adult age in puppies
amylase activity increases while lactose digestion decreases from 3-6wks in kittens

52
Q

Why are minerals important for growth

A

ca - offspring need more than adults but min req still low
intestinal absorption of Ca is regulated in adults, but less precise in offspring
not properly regulated b4 6mo of age, does not reach below 40% even in cases of high oral calcium intake, can lead to ca retention if intake is high
excess ca absorption = deposition along growth plates, developmental bone deformities and swollen joints

53
Q

Are phosphorous minerals important for growth?

A

less critical but ensure proper Ca:P ratio
1-1 to 1.8-1 in sm/med dogs
1-1 to 1.5-1 in lg/giant dogs
kittens less sensitive to ratio

54
Q

When do we transition dogs to adult formulas

A

chichi - 8mo
sm - 10 mo
med - 12 mo
lg - 15-18mo
giant - 18-24mo

55
Q

When do we transition cats to adult formulas

A

most cats - 12 mo
main coon - 15-18mo

NUTRITION (11 decks)

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