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Nutrition > 1b. Micronutrients > Flashcards

1b. Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference btw micro and macrominerals?

A

Macrominerals: req are often expressed as % of the diet
all have some structural role
includes Ca, P, K, Na, Mg
Macrominteral: req expressed as ppm or mg/kg, many are co-enzymes, despite being present in sm amounts, are essential to function, includes Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, I, Se

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2
Q

What is the role of Potassium?

A

maintains cell shape, major role in cardiac function, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, majority of K in body is found in cells

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3
Q

Where can animals get potassium?

A

widely distributed, leafy plants rich sources, particularly roughage like grasses or alfalfa, grains may be inadequate

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4
Q

Where might potassium need to be supplemented?

A

rarely a nutritional problem in herbivores
may need to be supplemented in pet foods
potassium salts

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5
Q

What issues will low potassium cause?

A

problem in sick animals tht are off feed - muscle weakness, cardiac rhythm disturbances, pica
Diarrhea in sm anims - high K losses
excessive acidification of urine
some heart or kidney dz demand modification of food-supplied amounts

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6
Q

What is the role of sodium?

A

contributor to osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid, controls blood volume, major role in cell’s energy metabolism

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7
Q

What are good sources of sodium?

A

sodium chloride (NaCl, salt) or mineral or marine origin
Fish, eggs, poultry by-product meal and soy isolates

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8
Q

Why might sodium need to be supplemented?

A

only minteral for which there is a clearly defined appetite
added directly to food or offered as part of minteral block, increased palatability

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9
Q

What might happen with sodium deficiency?

A

Animals will begin to seek out salt
After months of deficiency - reduced feed intake, growth/lactation, PU/PD
more than 2% salt in diet can be toxic
toxicity also affected by water availability
signs - diarrhea, PU/PD, decreased prod

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10
Q

What happens with sodium toxicity?

A

salt toxicity occurs with excess salt and/or limited/intermittent water
Pigs particularly susceptible - see signs if normal diet sodium or no water
hypernatremia and CNS dz, signs of wandering, blindness, deafness, head-pressing, dog-sitting
Takes 2 days to develop

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11
Q

What is chlorine closely associated with?

A

sodium in maintaining osmotic pressure, regulating acid-base equilibrium and cell metabolism
usually present in sufficient amounts if sodium requirement being met

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12
Q

What is the role of calcium?

A

important in formation of bones (99% of body’s calcium is retained in bones), muscle func and nerve transmission, blood clotting

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13
Q

Where can you get calcium as a source

A

bone meals, milk, grains and meat are poor sources

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14
Q

Why might you need to supplement calcium?

A

calcium supplementation for high-risk individuals
vita D important in regulating absorption
balance of Ca is important

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15
Q

What happens with calcium deficiency in regards to acute deficiency?

A

Hypocalcemia
usually in late preg/early lactation
late preg, particularly sheep/small dogs with lots of fetus’
early or rapidly rising lactation
dairy cows after parturition, sm dogs w/ lots of pups - about 2-3 wks post whelping
in all cases, going off feed also predisposes

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16
Q

What happens with an increased demand of calcium?

A

it overcomes ability to maintain homeostasis
body stores (bone) are adequate
low plasma ionized Ca++
calcium removal exceeds replacement from diet and bone - especially likely when sudden inc in demand and reduced intake
mobilization from bone cannot keep up

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17
Q

What are the signs of hypocalcemia?

A

in ruminants hypocalcemia affects all types of muscle - weakness and recumbency
In horses and dogs signs of increased nerve irritability dominant
tetany and muscle stiffness (dogs
Restlessness, aggression, whining (dogs)
thumps (horses

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18
Q

How do we prevent hypocalcemia in cattle?

A

promote mobilization of calcium at calving by avoiding high calcium conc in prepartum rations. Alfalfa high in calcium, grass hays, cereal silages, corn silages better
Anionic diets (dietary cation-anion balanced feeding -DCAB) acidic diets promote acidic conditions, inc effectiveness of Ca regulating hormones, promotes Ca mobilization from cow’s bones
good diet in magnesium for PTH secretion and activity and activation of vita D

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19
Q

What is chronic calcium deficiency and what will it cause?

A

bone stores are reduced - mild hypocalcemia, not usually severe enough to cause signs
Osteomalacia/rickets - most common causes are dietary insufficiencies of phosphorus or vita D, in growing anims, imbalance of Ca/P
As bones mature at diff rates, possible to see rickets and osteomalacia in same animal

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20
Q

What is calcium toxicity?

A

some surplus calcium is extreted in the urine (especially in horses which gives white color)
excessive dietary calcium predisposes to urinary stones/crystals in eq and cats (calcium oxalate type) as well as conditions that predispose to hypercalcemia
calcium protects against struvite crystals in ruminants (MgNH4PO4)
excess Ca in growing puppies can cause skeletal abnormalities bc they absorb calcium passively thru int, vita d only plays role in regulation after 10mo,

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21
Q

What is the role of phosphorus?

A

intricate relationship with Ca, important for health bones (86% of body’s retained in bones), cell membranes, energy dispersement, DNA, RNA

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22
Q

Where can you get phosphorus?

A

oilseeds, grains, wheat bran, meat, low conc in grasses and legumes

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23
Q

Why might you supplement phosphorus?

A

bc balance with Ca is important

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24
Q

What happens with chronic phosphorus deficiency?

A

reduced food intake, production, weightloss
post parturient hemoglobinuria in adult cattle
skeletal - rickets/osteomalacia, spontaneous fractures
pica

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25
What is phosphorus toxicity?
high lvls predispose to urolithiasis especially if dietary Ca is low many suppress absorption of Ca = bone loss ratio of Ca:P is important for healthy growth Btw 1:1-1:3
26
What is the role of magnesium?
component of bone and intracellular fluids important in PTH secretion and activity (Ca homeostasis) nervous conduction and muscle contraction Contributes to body's general energy metabolism
27
Where can you get megnesium
bone, oilseed, unrefined grain and fibre
28
Why might you supplement magnesium?
aborption affected by dietary lvls of phosphorus, calcium, K, fat and protein certain drugs can increase renal wasting of Mg
29
What happens if you're deficient in magnesium?
acute onset oftenr elated to hypocalcemia bc magnesium is req to PTH to work Sudden onset of nervous signs like tetany, convulsions, sudden death chronic signs are wasting, poor growth and anorexia
30
What is magnesium toxicity?
excess dietary magnesium can predispose to urolithiasis like struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) however, Mg can inhibit the formation of other uroliths like calcium oxalate Urolith prevention diets often restricted in Mg to slow down struvite formation, esp in cats - has shown that pH moderation more effective preventionmethod meeting minimum Mg lvls considered safe
31
What is the role of iron
constituent of hemoglobin (pigment tht transports oxygen in RBC) and myoglobin (does same job in muscles) enzymatic functions most abundant trace mineral (and vital for body function)
32
Where can you get iron as a source
liver, meat and fish, green veges, mineral salts
33
Why might you supplement iron?
rarely deficient in diet, can be a problem in animals with blood loss anemia supplementation can help patient to regena nd recover from anemia
34
What is the role of copper?
most of copper stored in liver, facilitates intestinal absorption of iron, promotes cellular oxidation, synthesis of collagen in tendons and myelin in nervous system
35
What is a source of copper
meat (lamb, pork, duck) proteinaceous grains (peas, lentis, soy)
36
Why might copper need to be supplemented?
most economically important deficiency of cattle mineral salts
37
What is copper deficiency and what 3 major factors cause it?
Copper, molybdenum and sulfate High detary molybdenum and sulfate prevent copper absorption and increase excretion of copper high sulfates are a major problem with som prairie water sources
38
What happens with deficiency in yg growing animals?
mainly cattle, poor growth, epiphysitis, chronic mild lameness, lightening of hair coat, mild anemia, diarrhea if high molybdenum
39
What happens with deficiency in adults
failure to get pregnant (anestrus) downer cows in cattle
40
What can we use to supplement copper?
supplement with copper salts that ideally add trace mineral directly to diet can feed to cattle as a trace mineralized salt block - variable and sometimes inadequate copper content - windsor trace mineralized salt 330ppm copper Cause cause high copper TM salt to help - windsor TM HI-boot high copper zinc trace mineralized salt for cattle and horses 4000ppm copper placing salt blocks close to water source may cause increase intake
41
In which breeds can genetic mutation occur relating to copper excretion?
bedlington terriers, labrador retrievers, dalmations results in excess copper build up in the liver tx usually low copper diet and medical management
42
What species is adapted to very low copper diets and how does it work?
sheep breeds and llamas - poisoned by amount of copper normally present in cattle diets, low lvls of molybdenum and sulfate in these deits also contribute - these prevent absorption and increase excretion of copper copper gradually accumulates in liver when lmit is reached is death of liver cells, hemolytic anemia prevention - only feed special, low copper, sheep mineral mixes to sheep
43
What is the role of selenium (and vita E)
both work as antioxidants protects cells, esp cardiac and skeletal muscle
44
Where can you get selenium and Vita E
mineral salts, fish, meat in lower quantities
45
Why might you supplement Selenium and vita e
typically a herd problem, with mineral blocks
46
What happens if you are deficient with selenium?
mainly in yg ruminants and equids sudden onset myopathy - stiff, reluctant to move, recumbent aspiration pneumonia susceptibility to infection
47
How an we prevent selenium?
feed a selenium containing trace mineral gives calves an injection of E + selenium at birth in known deficient areas - greatly reduces calf mortality occasionally problem is vita e deficiency - supplement with human 400mg vita e capsul
48
What is selenium toxicity?
problem w/ some selenium accumulating plants over supplementation with selenium possible Acute: rapid CV collapse in horses and ruminants; poliomyelomalacia in pigs Chronic: loss of hair on mane and tail, hoof deformities, dec repro performance tx generally unrewarding - prevention is key
49
What is the role of iodine
help synth thyroid hormones
50
Where can you get iodine as a source
sea salt, fish,
51
Why might you need to supplement iodine?
certain forages can interfere with iodine uptake, oral supplementation
52
What is goiter? why does it happen?
deficiency seen in neonatal ruminants and foals - goiter, weak, lethargy, myxedema Caused by too much/little iodine an abnormal enlargment of the thyroid gland
53
How does iodine and hyperthyroidism in cats work?
the relationship is unclear enlargement of the thyroid glands is typically caused by non-cancerous tumor (rarely malignant tumor - thyroid adenocarcinoma) possible contributing factors include deficiencies or excesses of certain compounds in the diet and chronic exposure to thyroid-disrupting chemicals iodine req of cats not clearly defined
54
Is there a prescription diet for throids in cats?
restricted amount of iodine (not iodine-free), diet is not medicated, limits amount of thyroid hormone produced, partially controls signs to work, needs to be fed exclusively
55
What are two ways for mineral supplementation/
directly added to feed and free choice
56
How does direct feed mineral supplementation work?
whole diet or conc portion, can be mixed in or top dressed, intake is assured as feed is eaten, minerals mixes with no salt should always be top dressed or mixed with ration
57
How does free choice mineral feeding and supplementation work?
can be offered loose or as a block, used for animals at pasture/fed hay, relies on animal to seek out the mineral works if there is salt in the mineral
58
What should we keep in mind if doing free choice mineral supplementation
at least 25% salt usually contain Ca and Pi source - 1:1 Ca:P designed for pasture 2:1 Ca:P used when feed contains little Ca Other trace minerals, the big 3: copper, zinc, selenium. Iodine in sm ruminants mineral blocks/mixes designed so that if they eat for salt they also intake other macro and micro minerals in correct portions should only feed one type of block that contains all the req minerals
59
What are chelated and non-chelate dminerals
trace mineral in an organic molecule, better absorption - useful is substances that inhib absorption are present ex sulfur and molybdenum which bind copper. inc risk of toxicity, more expensive non-chelated minerals req better understood and are inexpensive
60
What are our fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
61
What are our water soluble vita
B, C
62
What is the role of vitamin A
vision - precursor to retinal repro - synth of certain hormones Metabolism - synth of proteins Skin & Hair - regulates growth of epidermal cells and prod of sebum
63
Where can you get vita A as a source
plant precursor is carotene, a vita A dimer (brightly colored plants rich in carotenoids) natural retinal sources are liver, meat, fish eggs and dairy products
64
Why might we supplement vita A?
all domestic species except cats split carotene into 2 molecules of vita A in digestive tract cats require pre-formed vita A
65
What is vitamin A deficiency?
rare,only seen in cattle, two forms Cows: still births and abortions during winter following drought years - brought conditions dec the amount of carotene in plants, limit ability obtain vita A. Signs like head pressing circling and neuro signs Growing cattle fed straw-grain diets for months - straw not good source for energy, protein, minerals or vitas, need to be supplemented aswhen used as winter feed blindness (permanate) circling, head pressing
66
How do we prevent vitamin A deficiency?
supplementation of at risk cows calves born with abnormalities are unlikely to benefit from vitamin supplementation at that time
67
What is vitamin A toxicity?
seen in cats fed large amounts of beef liver reduced growth, soreness and sensitivity along neck and forelimbs, skeletal malformation s(boney exotoses) on radiographs poor hair coat, weakness, weightloss Tx - reduce vita A intake by feeding nutritionally balanced diet excessive growth not reversible, mobility and comfort may improve once levels mormalize
68
What is the role of Vitamin d
calciferols are essential for absorption of calcium from GI tract increased intestinal absorption of Ca and P, optimizes Ca absorption from bone, reduces loss of Ca and P in urine
69
Where can you get Vita D
growing plants contain precursor, converted to vita D by sun fish liver oil, oil fish like sardines and tuna, egg yolk, milk and dairy products meat and veges almost completely lacking
70
Why might we need to supplement vita d
typically required, routinely added to complete feeds and supplements UV light exposure also source reptiled req UV light
71
What happens with vita D deficiency
metabolic bone deficiency osteomalacia in adult animals rickets ing rowing animals weak bones, fractures calcium deposition along growth plates in yg growing animals
72
What happens with vita D toxicity?
excessive supplementation - too many vita D injections to cows precalving (one dose helps prevent milk fever), too much supplement in feeds, supplement of lg breed puppies on a balanced growth diet Vita D containing rodenticides Consumption of plants (horses) containing active vitamin D Excess vita D - elevates blood Ca and blood phosphate, see unnatural mineralization signs are weakness, reluctant to move, recumency
73
What is the role of vita E
biological anti-oxidant, works together with selenium stored in body's fat tissues, in the liver and the muscles
74
Where can you get vita E as a source
fresh green feeds, some animal products including liver, eggs and buttwer
75
Why might you need to supplement vita E
added to diets tos top fat from going rancid, deficiency associated with selenium deficiency
76
What is the role of vitamin K
cofactor of many enzymes, these enzymes cannot be active without vita K req for prod of blood clotting factors protein metabolism helps ca bind to bone mainly stored in the liver
77
Where can youg et vita K as a source
meat, veges, esp cabbage, parsley and spinach, intestinal bact
78
Why might vita K need to be supplemented? what are the 3 types
not typically added to foods 1. vita k1 - phylloquinone, natural 2. vita k2 - menaquinone, natural 3. Vita k3 - menadione, synthetic, less effective, more toxic
79
What is vita k deficiency?
seen when animal ingests a poison that blocks its action warfarin or dicoumarol in spoiled sweet clover hay signs - breeding problems like bruising, petechiation, pallor, melena, hematochezia, hematoms weakness, lethargy, tachycardia tx - high doses of vita K
80
What are water soluble viatamins
B vitamins - function as co-enzymes, body stars are low, signs of deficiency cand develop quickly the exception of vita B12 which is very efficiently recycled in the body
81
What is the role of Vita B1, thiamine
coenzyme for use of glucose to prod ATP conc in the heart, kidney, liver an dbrain
82
Where can you get vita b1
ruminal bact, brewer's yeast, meat, bran and cereal
83
Why might you need to supplement vita b1?
important in cats, requirement in cats is 3x that of dogs
84
What is thiamine deficiency in young ruminants
in yg ruminants results in polioencephalomalacia caused by ruminal bact overgrowth destryoing thiamine - high grain diets promote bact to proliferate which prod thiaminase to break down thiamine signs - stargazing and recumbency
85
What is thiamine deficiency in cats?
thiamine is heat sensitive and canning process can destroy thiamine additional thiamine needs to be added prior to canning process Signs are anorexia, ataxia, cluster seizures, twitching, vestibular dz raw fish may contain thiaminase - historically blamed for thiamine deficiency in cats
86
What is the role of B7 biotin
catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and some AAs essential to synth of other fatty acids important for healthy skin, coat and nervous system
87
Where can you get vita b7?
biotin, made by intestinal bact yeast, liver, kidney and cooked eyes
88
Why might you need to supplement biotin?
dysbiosis can occur with antibiotic use - see destruction of healthy flora as well as target bact conditonal
89
What is the role of vitamine12 cobalamin
coenzyme in many biochemical reactions primary role in synth of proteins an dprod of red blood cells
90
Where can you get cobalamin?
synth by ruminal bacterial, absorbed in sm intestines monogastrics make b12 in lg int (poor absorption) animal products - liver, kidneys, meat
91
Why might you need to supplement cobalamin/
very efficiently recycled injection to tx anemia
92
What happens with cobalamin deficiency
include anemia and in ruminants only, ketosis cobalt is req for ruminal microbes to synth vita b12 also essential for utilization of propionic acid there for in cobalt deficiency can see both b12 deficiency and ketosis 2ndary to utilizing propionic acid to make glucose
93
What is riboflavin?
b2 contributes to animals skin and coat health essential in prod of energy from fat, and catabolism of AAs
94
What is niacin
b3, helps body prod energy from fat and sugars. promotes synth of skin lipids
95
What is pantothenic acid/pantothenate?
b5, involved in metabolic reactions to prod energy for the cells, promotes synthesis of skin lipids
96
WHat is pyridoxine
b6, coenzyme plays role in diff metabolic reactions, esp that of AAs
97
What is folic acid
b9, development of tissues of the nervous system fetus works like a folic acid pum and deficiency an develop if mother not receiving enough
98
What is adenine, inositol, para amino benzoic acid and salicylic acid?
B4, b8, b10 and b11. no loner considered essential not needed or can be made from other nutrients
99
What is the role of vita C ascorbic acid
neutralizes free radicals permits the regen of vita e metabolizes iron
100
Where can you get vitamin c?
fruits, esp citrus fruits, berries, kiwis and strawberries in dogs/cas, synthed in liver from glucose
101
Why might you supplement vitamin c?
only req in primates, guinea pigs and fruit bats can be a problem if not fed fruits and veges synthed by all other species

Nutrition (13 decks)

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