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NUTRITION > 1b. Micronutrients > Flashcards

1b. Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference btw micro and macrominerals?

A

Macrominerals: req are often expressed as % of the diet
all have some structural role
includes Ca, P, K, Na, Mg
Macrominteral: req expressed as ppm or mg/kg, many are co-enzymes, despite being present in sm amounts, are essential to function, includes Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, I, Se

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2
Q

What is the role of Potassium?

A

maintains cell shape, major role in cardiac function, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, majority of K in body is found in cells

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3
Q

Where can animals get potassium?

A

widely distributed, leafy plants rich sources, particularly roughage like grasses or alfalfa, grains may be inadequate

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4
Q

Where might potassium need to be supplemented?

A

rarely a nutritional problem in herbivores
may need to be supplemented in pet foods
potassium salts

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5
Q

What issues will low potassium cause?

A

problem in sick animals tht are off feed - muscle weakness, cardiac rhythm disturbances, pica
Diarrhea in sm anims - high K losses
excessive acidification of urine
some heart or kidney dz demand modification of food-supplied amounts

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6
Q

What is the role of sodium?

A

contributor to osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid, controls blood volume, major role in cell’s energy metabolism

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7
Q

What are good sources of sodium?

A

sodium chloride (NaCl, salt) or mineral or marine origin
Fish, eggs, poultry by-product meal and soy isolates

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8
Q

Why might sodium need to be supplemented?

A

only minteral for which there is a clearly defined appetite
added directly to food or offered as part of minteral block, increased palatability

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9
Q

What might happen with sodium deficiency?

A

Animals will begin to seek out salt
After months of deficiency - reduced feed intake, growth/lactation, PU/PD
more than 2% salt in diet can be toxic
toxicity also affected by water availability
signs - diarrhea, PU/PD, decreased prod

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10
Q

What happens with sodium toxicity?

A

salt toxicity occurs with excess salt and/or limited/intermittent water
Pigs particularly susceptible - see signs if normal diet sodium or no water
hypernatremia and CNS dz, signs of wandering, blindness, deafness, head-pressing, dog-sitting
Takes 2 days to develop

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11
Q

What is chlorine closely associated with?

A

sodium in maintaining osmotic pressure, regulating acid-base equilibrium and cell metabolism
usually present in sufficient amounts if sodium requirement being met

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12
Q

What is the role of calcium?

A

important in formation of bones (99% of body’s calcium is retained in bones), muscle func and nerve transmission, blood clotting

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13
Q

Where can you get calcium as a source

A

bone meals, milk, grains and meat are poor sources

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14
Q

Why might you need to supplement calcium?

A

calcium supplementation for high-risk individuals
vita D important in regulating absorption
balance of Ca is important

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15
Q

What happens with calcium deficiency in regards to acute deficiency?

A

Hypocalcemia
usually in late preg/early lactation
late preg, particularly sheep/small dogs with lots of fetus’
early or rapidly rising lactation
dairy cows after parturition, sm dogs w/ lots of pups - about 2-3 wks post whelping
in all cases, going off feed also predisposes

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16
Q

What happens with an increased demand of calcium?

A

it overcomes ability to maintain homeostasis
body stores (bone) are adequate
low plasma ionized Ca++
calcium removal exceeds replacement from diet and bone - especially likely when sudden inc in demand and reduced intake
mobilization from bone cannot keep up

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17
Q

What are the signs of hypocalcemia?

A

in ruminants hypocalcemia affects all types of muscle - weakness and recumbency
In horses and dogs signs of increased nerve irritability dominant
tetany and muscle stiffness (dogs
Restlessness, aggression, whining (dogs)
thumps (horses

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18
Q

How do we prevent hypocalcemia in cattle?

A

promote mobilization of calcium at calving by avoiding high calcium conc in prepartum rations. Alfalfa high in calcium, grass hays, cereal silages, corn silages better
Anionic diets (dietary cation-anion balanced feeding -DCAB) acidic diets promote acidic conditions, inc effectiveness of Ca regulating hormones, promotes Ca mobilization from cow’s bones
good diet in magnesium for PTH secretion and activity and activation of vita D

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19
Q

What is chronic calcium deficiency and what will it cause?

A

bone stores are reduced - mild hypocalcemia, not usually severe enough to cause signs
Osteomalacia/rickets - most common causes are dietary insufficiencies of phosphorus or vita D, in growing anims, imbalance of Ca/P
As bones mature at diff rates, possible to see rickets and osteomalacia in same animal

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20
Q

What is calcium toxicity?

A

some surplus calcium is extreted in the urine (especially in horses which gives white color)
excessive dietary calcium predisposes to urinary stones/crystals in eq and cats (calcium oxalate type) as well as conditions that predispose to hypercalcemia
calcium protects against struvite crystals in ruminants (MgNH4PO4)
excess Ca in growing puppies can cause skeletal abnormalities bc they absorb calcium passively thru int, vita d only plays role in regulation after 10mo,

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21
Q

What is the role of phosphorus?

A

intricate relationship with Ca, important for health bones (86% of body’s retained in bones), cell membranes, energy dispersement, DNA, RNA

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22
Q

Where can you get phosphorus?

A

oilseeds, grains, wheat bran, meat, low conc in grasses and legumes

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23
Q

Why might you supplement phosphorus?

A

bc balance with Ca is important

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24
Q

What happens with chronic phosphorus deficiency?

A

reduced food intake, production, weightloss
post parturient hemoglobinuria in adult cattle
skeletal - rickets/osteomalacia, spontaneous fractures
pica

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25
Q

What is phosphorus toxicity?

A

high lvls predispose to urolithiasis especially if dietary Ca is low
many suppress absorption of Ca = bone loss
ratio of Ca:P is important for healthy growth
Btw 1:1-1:3

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26
Q

What is the role of magnesium?

A

component of bone and intracellular fluids
important in PTH secretion and activity (Ca homeostasis)
nervous conduction and muscle contraction
Contributes to body’s general energy metabolism

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27
Q

Where can you get megnesium

A

bone, oilseed, unrefined grain and fibre

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28
Q

Why might you supplement magnesium?

A

aborption affected by dietary lvls of phosphorus, calcium, K, fat and protein
certain drugs can increase renal wasting of Mg

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29
Q

What happens if you’re deficient in magnesium?

A

acute onset oftenr elated to hypocalcemia bc magnesium is req to PTH to work
Sudden onset of nervous signs like tetany, convulsions, sudden death
chronic signs are wasting, poor growth and anorexia

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30
Q

What is magnesium toxicity?

A

excess dietary magnesium can predispose to urolithiasis like struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
however, Mg can inhibit the formation of other uroliths like calcium oxalate
Urolith prevention diets often restricted in Mg to slow down struvite formation, esp in cats - has shown that pH moderation more effective preventionmethod
meeting minimum Mg lvls considered safe

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31
Q

What is the role of iron

A

constituent of hemoglobin (pigment tht transports oxygen in RBC) and myoglobin (does same job in muscles)
enzymatic functions
most abundant trace mineral (and vital for body function)

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32
Q

Where can you get iron as a source

A

liver, meat and fish, green veges, mineral salts

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33
Q

Why might you supplement iron?

A

rarely deficient in diet, can be a problem in animals with blood loss anemia
supplementation can help patient to regena nd recover from anemia

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34
Q

What is the role of copper?

A

most of copper stored in liver, facilitates intestinal absorption of iron, promotes cellular oxidation, synthesis of collagen in tendons and myelin in nervous system

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35
Q

What is a source of copper

A

meat (lamb, pork, duck)
proteinaceous grains (peas, lentis, soy)

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36
Q

Why might copper need to be supplemented?

A

most economically important deficiency of cattle
mineral salts

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37
Q

What is copper deficiency and what 3 major factors cause it?

A

Copper, molybdenum and sulfate
High detary molybdenum and sulfate prevent copper absorption and increase excretion of copper
high sulfates are a major problem with som prairie water sources

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38
Q

What happens with deficiency in yg growing animals?

A

mainly cattle, poor growth, epiphysitis, chronic mild lameness, lightening of hair coat, mild anemia, diarrhea if high molybdenum

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39
Q

What happens with deficiency in adults

A

failure to get pregnant (anestrus)
downer cows in cattle

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40
Q

What can we use to supplement copper?

A

supplement with copper salts that ideally add trace mineral directly to diet
can feed to cattle as a trace mineralized salt block - variable and sometimes inadequate copper content - windsor trace mineralized salt 330ppm copper
Cause cause high copper TM salt to help - windsor TM HI-boot high copper zinc trace mineralized salt for cattle and horses 4000ppm copper
placing salt blocks close to water source may cause increase intake

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41
Q

In which breeds can genetic mutation occur relating to copper excretion?

A

bedlington terriers, labrador retrievers, dalmations
results in excess copper build up in the liver
tx usually low copper diet and medical management

42
Q

What species is adapted to very low copper diets and how does it work?

A

sheep breeds and llamas - poisoned by amount of copper normally present in cattle diets, low lvls of molybdenum and sulfate in these deits also contribute - these prevent absorption and increase excretion of copper
copper gradually accumulates in liver
when lmit is reached is death of liver cells, hemolytic anemia
prevention - only feed special, low copper, sheep mineral mixes to sheep

43
Q

What is the role of selenium (and vita E)

A

both work as antioxidants
protects cells, esp cardiac and skeletal muscle

44
Q

Where can you get selenium and Vita E

A

mineral salts, fish, meat in lower quantities

45
Q

Why might you supplement Selenium and vita e

A

typically a herd problem, with mineral blocks

46
Q

What happens if you are deficient with selenium?

A

mainly in yg ruminants and equids
sudden onset myopathy - stiff, reluctant to move, recumbent
aspiration pneumonia
susceptibility to infection

47
Q

How an we prevent selenium?

A

feed a selenium containing trace mineral
gives calves an injection of E + selenium at birth in known deficient areas - greatly reduces calf mortality
occasionally problem is vita e deficiency - supplement with human 400mg vita e capsul

48
Q

What is selenium toxicity?

A

problem w/ some selenium accumulating plants
over supplementation with selenium possible
Acute: rapid CV collapse in horses and ruminants; poliomyelomalacia in pigs
Chronic: loss of hair on mane and tail, hoof deformities, dec repro performance
tx generally unrewarding - prevention is key

49
Q

What is the role of iodine

A

help synth thyroid hormones

50
Q

Where can you get iodine as a source

A

sea salt, fish,

51
Q

Why might you need to supplement iodine?

A

certain forages can interfere with iodine uptake, oral supplementation

52
Q

What is goiter? why does it happen?

A

deficiency seen in neonatal ruminants and foals - goiter, weak, lethargy, myxedema
Caused by too much/little iodine
an abnormal enlargment of the thyroid gland

53
Q

How does iodine and hyperthyroidism in cats work?

A

the relationship is unclear
enlargement of the thyroid glands is typically caused by non-cancerous tumor (rarely malignant tumor - thyroid adenocarcinoma)
possible contributing factors include deficiencies or excesses of certain compounds in the diet and chronic exposure to thyroid-disrupting chemicals
iodine req of cats not clearly defined

54
Q

Is there a prescription diet for throids in cats?

A

restricted amount of iodine (not iodine-free), diet is not medicated, limits amount of thyroid hormone produced, partially controls signs
to work, needs to be fed exclusively

55
Q

What are two ways for mineral supplementation/

A

directly added to feed and free choice

56
Q

How does direct feed mineral supplementation work?

A

whole diet or conc portion, can be mixed in or top dressed, intake is assured as feed is eaten, minerals mixes with no salt should always be top dressed or mixed with ration

57
Q

How does free choice mineral feeding and supplementation work?

A

can be offered loose or as a block, used for animals at pasture/fed hay, relies on animal to seek out the mineral
works if there is salt in the mineral

58
Q

What should we keep in mind if doing free choice mineral supplementation

A

at least 25% salt
usually contain Ca and Pi source - 1:1 Ca:P designed for pasture
2:1 Ca:P used when feed contains little Ca
Other trace minerals, the big 3: copper, zinc, selenium. Iodine in sm ruminants
mineral blocks/mixes designed so that if they eat for salt they also intake other macro and micro minerals in correct portions
should only feed one type of block that contains all the req minerals

59
Q

What are chelated and non-chelate dminerals

A

trace mineral in an organic molecule, better absorption - useful is substances that inhib absorption are present ex sulfur and molybdenum which bind copper. inc risk of toxicity, more expensive
non-chelated minerals req better understood and are inexpensive

60
Q

What are our fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

61
Q

What are our water soluble vita

A

B, C

62
Q

What is the role of vitamin A

A

vision - precursor to retinal
repro - synth of certain hormones
Metabolism - synth of proteins
Skin & Hair - regulates growth of epidermal cells and prod of sebum

63
Q

Where can you get vita A as a source

A

plant precursor is carotene, a vita A dimer (brightly colored plants rich in carotenoids)
natural retinal sources are liver, meat, fish eggs and dairy products

64
Q

Why might we supplement vita A?

A

all domestic species except cats split carotene into 2 molecules of vita A in digestive tract
cats require pre-formed vita A

65
Q

What is vitamin A deficiency?

A

rare,only seen in cattle, two forms
Cows: still births and abortions during winter following drought years - brought conditions dec the amount of carotene in plants, limit ability obtain vita A. Signs like head pressing circling and neuro signs
Growing cattle fed straw-grain diets for months - straw not good source for energy, protein, minerals or vitas, need to be supplemented aswhen used as winter feed
blindness (permanate) circling, head pressing

66
Q

How do we prevent vitamin A deficiency?

A

supplementation of at risk cows
calves born with abnormalities are unlikely to benefit from vitamin supplementation at that time

67
Q

What is vitamin A toxicity?

A

seen in cats fed large amounts of beef liver
reduced growth, soreness and sensitivity along neck and forelimbs, skeletal malformation s(boney exotoses) on radiographs
poor hair coat, weakness, weightloss
Tx - reduce vita A intake by feeding nutritionally balanced diet
excessive growth not reversible, mobility and comfort may improve once levels mormalize

68
Q

What is the role of Vitamin d

A

calciferols are essential for absorption of calcium from GI tract
increased intestinal absorption of Ca and P, optimizes Ca absorption from bone, reduces loss of Ca and P in urine

69
Q

Where can you get Vita D

A

growing plants contain precursor, converted to vita D by sun
fish liver oil, oil fish like sardines and tuna, egg yolk, milk and dairy products
meat and veges almost completely lacking

70
Q

Why might we need to supplement vita d

A

typically required, routinely added to complete feeds and supplements
UV light exposure also source
reptiled req UV light

71
Q

What happens with vita D deficiency

A

metabolic bone deficiency
osteomalacia in adult animals
rickets ing rowing animals
weak bones, fractures
calcium deposition along growth plates in yg growing animals

72
Q

What happens with vita D toxicity?

A

excessive supplementation - too many vita D injections to cows precalving (one dose helps prevent milk fever), too much supplement in feeds, supplement of lg breed puppies on a balanced growth diet
Vita D containing rodenticides
Consumption of plants (horses) containing active vitamin D
Excess vita D - elevates blood Ca and blood phosphate, see unnatural mineralization
signs are weakness, reluctant to move, recumency

73
Q

What is the role of vita E

A

biological anti-oxidant, works together with selenium
stored in body’s fat tissues, in the liver and the muscles

74
Q

Where can you get vita E as a source

A

fresh green feeds, some animal products including liver, eggs and buttwer

75
Q

Why might you need to supplement vita E

A

added to diets tos top fat from going rancid,
deficiency associated with selenium deficiency

76
Q

What is the role of vitamin K

A

cofactor of many enzymes, these enzymes cannot be active without vita K
req for prod of blood clotting factors
protein metabolism
helps ca bind to bone
mainly stored in the liver

77
Q

Where can youg et vita K as a source

A

meat, veges, esp cabbage, parsley and spinach, intestinal bact

78
Q

Why might vita K need to be supplemented? what are the 3 types

A

not typically added to foods
1. vita k1 - phylloquinone, natural
2. vita k2 - menaquinone, natural
3. Vita k3 - menadione, synthetic, less effective, more toxic

79
Q

What is vita k deficiency?

A

seen when animal ingests a poison that blocks its action
warfarin or dicoumarol in spoiled sweet clover hay
signs - breeding problems like bruising, petechiation, pallor, melena, hematochezia, hematoms
weakness, lethargy, tachycardia
tx - high doses of vita K

80
Q

What are water soluble viatamins

A

B vitamins - function as co-enzymes, body stars are low, signs of deficiency cand develop quickly
the exception of vita B12 which is very efficiently recycled in the body

81
Q

What is the role of Vita B1, thiamine

A

coenzyme for use of glucose to prod ATP
conc in the heart, kidney, liver an dbrain

82
Q

Where can you get vita b1

A

ruminal bact, brewer’s yeast, meat, bran and cereal

83
Q

Why might you need to supplement vita b1?

A

important in cats, requirement in cats is 3x that of dogs

84
Q

What is thiamine deficiency in young ruminants

A

in yg ruminants results in polioencephalomalacia
caused by ruminal bact overgrowth destryoing thiamine - high grain diets promote bact to proliferate which prod thiaminase to break down thiamine
signs - stargazing and recumbency

85
Q

What is thiamine deficiency in cats?

A

thiamine is heat sensitive and canning process can destroy thiamine
additional thiamine needs to be added prior to canning process
Signs are anorexia, ataxia, cluster seizures, twitching, vestibular dz
raw fish may contain thiaminase - historically blamed for thiamine deficiency in cats

86
Q

What is the role of B7 biotin

A

catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and some AAs
essential to synth of other fatty acids
important for healthy skin, coat and nervous system

87
Q

Where can you get vita b7?

A

biotin, made by intestinal bact
yeast, liver, kidney and cooked eyes

88
Q

Why might you need to supplement biotin?

A

dysbiosis can occur with antibiotic use - see destruction of healthy flora as well as target bact
conditonal

89
Q

What is the role of vitamine12 cobalamin

A

coenzyme in many biochemical reactions
primary role in synth of proteins an dprod of red blood cells

90
Q

Where can you get cobalamin?

A

synth by ruminal bacterial, absorbed in sm intestines
monogastrics make b12 in lg int (poor absorption)
animal products - liver, kidneys, meat

91
Q

Why might you need to supplement cobalamin/

A

very efficiently recycled
injection to tx anemia

92
Q

What happens with cobalamin deficiency

A

include anemia and in ruminants only, ketosis
cobalt is req for ruminal microbes to synth vita b12
also essential for utilization of propionic acid
there for in cobalt deficiency can see both b12 deficiency and ketosis 2ndary to utilizing propionic acid to make glucose

93
Q

What is riboflavin?

A

b2 contributes to animals skin and coat health
essential in prod of energy from fat, and catabolism of AAs

94
Q

What is niacin

A

b3, helps body prod energy from fat and sugars. promotes synth of skin lipids

95
Q

What is pantothenic acid/pantothenate?

A

b5, involved in metabolic reactions to prod energy for the cells, promotes synthesis of skin lipids

96
Q

WHat is pyridoxine

A

b6, coenzyme plays role in diff metabolic reactions, esp that of AAs

97
Q

What is folic acid

A

b9, development of tissues of the nervous system
fetus works like a folic acid pum and deficiency an develop if mother not receiving enough

98
Q

What is adenine, inositol, para amino benzoic acid and salicylic acid?

A

B4, b8, b10 and b11. no loner considered essential
not needed or can be made from other nutrients

99
Q

What is the role of vita C ascorbic acid

A

neutralizes free radicals
permits the regen of vita e
metabolizes iron

100
Q

Where can you get vitamin c?

A

fruits, esp citrus fruits, berries, kiwis and strawberries
in dogs/cas, synthed in liver from glucose

101
Q

Why might you supplement vitamin c?

A

only req in primates, guinea pigs and fruit bats
can be a problem if not fed fruits and veges
synthed by all other species

NUTRITION (13 decks)

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