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NUTRITION > 1c. Water and Energy > Flashcards

1c. Water and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important nutrient to life?

A

WATER

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2
Q

What is the major constituent of an animal’s body?

A

Water, 75% at birth, 60% as an adult

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3
Q

Why is water classed as a macronutrient?

A

Req in large amouns
unlike proein, fat or carbs do not provide a source of energy

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4
Q

What does water do?

A

disperses nutrients and waste
promotes optimal environment for biochemical reactions
regulates body temperature
lubricates joints, eyes and inner ear (transmits sound)

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5
Q

What are the 3 natural sources of getting water?

A

drinking, food, oxidation reactions in nutrients

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6
Q

What are some things that might happen with a lack of water?

A

thirst and dehydration, reduced heat tolerance, poor performance, poor production, death (3-10d), colid (especially horses)

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7
Q

What is an example of surface water?

A

Open - flowing, like rivers
Closed - ex. salt lakes

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8
Q

What is water quality important?

A

poor water quality decreases water consumption and food intake, which decreases performance
Water intake can vary depending on the physiological status of the animal
Beef cow can drink 5% of her body weight per day
dairy cow producing milk may drink four times that much

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9
Q

What are enteric infectious agents?

A

Allowing animals to enter water sources to drink is poor practice bc it can result in fecal contam of water, many enteric bact, protozoa and parasites can be transmitted by fecal contam of water. animals routinely enter stagnant watering sources at risk for bact infections
trials shown animals will preferentially select to drink water from alt choices, if present

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10
Q

What are the benefits to fencing water sources?

A

preserves banks, less nutrients in water from saliva (K, P, N) so less algal growth, less dz, better growth of calves, less algal blooms
Use pump to deliver water to a nearby trough
can be combined with aeration such as windmills used so wind energy can pump water from sources

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11
Q

What is glue green algae poisoning?

A

cyanobacteria commonly inhabit ponds and lakes and will multiply if there is warm weather and organic nutrients suddenly inc due to run off from slurry (liquid waste) from lagoons or fertilizers (N, P)
steady, gentle wind may concentrate
many species float and may be visible as a scum (makes water turbid)
A few species produce toxins that cause CNS signs and often sudden death
Fence off an aerate water

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12
Q

Why might mineral contamination be a problem?

A

In Arid areas (like SK is semi-arid): high air temp and low soil moisture = high soil temps which stim bact respiration and = soils w/ 10x lower organic C and N
Closed surface waters: Flows in and evaporates, especially late summer, green salt lake
Wells: shallow to medium depth, minerals can contaminate a private well thru groundwater movement and surface water seepage and water run-off

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13
Q

How might prairie sloughs have mineral contamination?

A

typically lowest mineral content in spring following runoff
highest in late summer
most sloughs dry up in summer (1/3 of them disappear by mid-july in driest regions)
evaporation plus dessicating winds concentrate the nutrients that get washed into sloughs

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14
Q

What two main profiles might have mineral contamination?

A

calcium and magnesium plus carbs and bicarbs (shell remnants, hard water) most common type
sodium and potassium plus CL and sulfates (dried out seas)

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15
Q

What are we measuring for water mineral content?

A

Total dissolved solids (TDS, salinity) most useful overall indicator
sometimes measured as sum of ions, sometimes measured as conductance - easy to measure but not quite as accurate as directly measuring TDS
Waters with high TDS typically have high NA and K ions (bc these are highly soluble)

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16
Q

If the total dissolved salinity is <1000-3000 is it acceptable? Or Unsuitable?

A

Acceptable

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17
Q

If the total dissolved salinity is 3,000-5000 is it acceptable? Or Unsuitable?

A

Generally Acceptable; Requires further mineral analysis
May cause diarrhea
May reduce performance, reduce growth and affect health of ruminant

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18
Q

If the total dissolved salinity is 5,000-7000 is it acceptable? Or Unsuitable?

A

Poor
Likely to cause diarrhea
Avoid use for pregnant and/or lactating cows
Test for sulphates
Reduced animal performance

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19
Q

If the total dissolved salinity is 7,000-10,000 is it acceptable? Or Unsuitable?

A

Potentially unsuitable – unfit for young, pregnant or lactating cattle
Sulphates likely high
Negative effects in all animal classes
Further mineral analysis required

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20
Q

If the total dissolved salinity is >10,000 is it acceptable? Or Unsuitable?

A

Unsuitable

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21
Q

What are some problems caused with high total dissolved solids?

A

water refusal, lower feed intake, decreased prod, diarrhea
TDS < 1000ppm are always safe
TDS > 10, 000ppm are very dangerous

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22
Q

What is sulface toxicity and what are some signs of it?

A

Tolerance to sulfates depend on total dietary intake and water consumption
Total water consumption depends on: enviro temp, moisture lvl in feeds, stage of prod.
Some ability to become accustomed to sulfates (rumen microflora slowly shift over time)
Dz of cerebral cortex, signs: blindness and headpressing
Sulfate related form has a poor prognosis

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23
Q

If the sulphate lvls are <500, is it good, acceptable or unsuitable?

A

Good

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24
Q

If the sulphate lvls are 500-1,000, is it good, acceptable or unsuitable?

A

Good
Diarrhea or refusal of water by animals not accustomed to it
500 to 800 mg/L may affect calves, inducing a trace mineral deficiency
Trace mineral deficiencies can cause depressed growth rate, depressed fertility and depressed immune response
Decreased performance in feedlot cattle
1,000 mg/L recommended maximum if feed level is high in sulphates or if ambient temperature is high

25
Q

If the sulphate lvls are 1,000-1,500, is it good, acceptable or unsuitable?

A

Acceptable
Laxative
Performance reduced
High levels of sulphates can also contribute to copper and other trace mineral deficiencies

26
Q

If the sulphate lvls are 1,500-2000, is it good, acceptable or unsuitable?

A

Poor
Chelated or Hydroxy minerals may be required
High chance of trace mineral deficiency
Symptoms include: decreased gains, depressed immunity and reduced conception, etc.
Sporadic cases of polio possible
2,000 mg/L> can cause diarrhea and reduced milk production in dairy cows

27
Q

If the sulphate lvls are >2,000, is it good, acceptable or unsuitable?

A

Unsuitable
Sporadic cases of polio are highly probable
Performance reduced
Scours likely
Greater than 4,000 mg/L dangerous health problems expected

28
Q

What is “hardness”

A

tendency to form insoluble precipitates with boiling or soaps
related to presence of Ca, Mg, CO3 and HCO3
Hard waters do not impair health
Hardness and total dissolved solids are poorly related

29
Q

Is pH important in regards to water?

A

not usually important
Alkali waters - early settler misnomer for high TDS’s

30
Q

Are nitrates important in regards to water?

A

Important for farmers bc it comes from fertilizer, manure
Feed is the main risk!!
Poisoning especially likely in ruminants - rumen flora can rapidly reduce nitrates to nitrites
Nitrate (NO3) -> Nitrite (NO2), rapidly absorbed and leads to reduction of Hb and metHb - inhib O2 transport
Chocolate brown blood cannot carry O2: dyspnea, cyanotic MM, weakness, death

31
Q

Is this water good? New well on farm. Deep, 400 feet.
Analysis:
◦ Total sum of ions 5,600 mg/L.
◦ Sulfates 3,600 mg/L.
Cows refuse this water, wait for better water from different source,
behaving strange.
Advice to owner?

A

Total sum of ions 5,600
Poor, likely to cause diarrhea, avoid use for pregnant/and or lactating cows, test for sulphates, reduced animal performance
Sulfates 3,600mg/L
Unsuitable, sporadic cases of polio highly probably, performance reduced, scours likely

32
Q

What is the daily req for water intake of small animals?

A

50-60ml/kg/day

33
Q

Do cats, or dogs, have a lower physiological thirst drive?

A

Cats have lower than dogs bc able to concenrate urine to conserve water
dogs drink and replace water deficit more rapidly in cats

34
Q

What is free drinking influenced by?

A

Meal frequency: typically drink after eating, inc frequency can inc water intake
Water content of diet: wet food 80-85% water, dry food <10% water
Nutrient comp: dos inc free intake when fed higher carbs, cats inc free intake when fed higher protein

35
Q

Indications for increasing water intake in sm anims?

A

Kidney issues
constipation
nursing -
polyuria

36
Q

In terms of diet composition and water intake, if we have a 5kg cat and needs to consume 260kcal/day, how much water would it need if fed 100% dry, 50/50 or 100% wet?

A

100% dry: 10% of 260kcal is 26mL/d
50/50: 10% of 130kcal, 80% of 130kcal is 13mL + 104mL = 117mL/d
*80-85%: 80% of 260kcal is 206 mL/d

37
Q

What is nutrient enriched water?

A

novel approach to inc total water intake in cats thru feeding nutrient enriched water
inc in free liquid intake inc from 60% from baseline
cats preferred the new water

38
Q

What ways can energy content be measured?

A

gross energy: Total energy content of food. GE or fecal energy
Digestible energy: DE, urinary energy - gas energy
metabolizable energy: ME or energy lost in absorption, movement and use of food (heat)
Net energy: NE, energy available to tissues)

39
Q

What is gross energy?

A

energy liberated when food is burnt to ash
highest for fats
least accurate measurement of a food’s energy content as seen by an animal
never used to calculate diets

40
Q

What is digestible energy?

A

amount of energy absorbed from the digestive tract - amount of energy in feed minus amount of energy lost in feces
depends on fiber (cellulose and related plant fibers) content of the die
used to calculate horse and beef cow rations

41
Q

What is metabolized energy?

A

excludes the energy for urinary and gas functions?
net energy remaining after fecal and energy losses - represent the energy available for growth or repro and for supporting metabolic processs (work, locomotion) and respiration( thermoregulation, maintenance metabolism)
Differs from DE mainly when it comes to protien

42
Q

When AAs are used as an energy source, how does that change metabolized energy?

A

they have to be deanimated
N is excreted in the urine as urea
ME takes this energy loss into account
ME used in pet foods

43
Q

What is net energy?

A

excludes energy lost in absorption movement and use of food
energy available to the cell (mainly as ATP)
diff values depending on use of energy
NEm: maintenancy
NEg: growth or production
NEl: lactation
used in formulating feedlot and dairy cow rations, very accurate

44
Q

What are ME calculations based on?

A

Fat, protein, and carbs (excluding fiber) components of the diet

45
Q

How will we calculate ME if;
Crude Protein 38
Crude Fat 18
Crude Fiber 3.5
Moisture 10
Minerals 8
TOTAL 77.5
Non-fibre carbohydrate 22.5

A

1) Calculate the non-fibre
carbohydrate by adding all
the nutrient label nutrients
and subtracting from 100
100-77.5 =
2) Convert from % to g/kg
by multiplying by 10
38 x 10 =
18 x 10 =
22.5 x 10 =
3) Use the Atwater factors
to determine ME
380 x 3.5 =
180 x 8.5 =
225 x 3.5 =
4) Total values to get the
ME of the diet
1330 + 1530 + 787.5 =
Package value =
3625 kcal/kg

46
Q

What are units of energy?

A

measures as calories
kcalories = 1000 calories but can be called large calorie or simply calorie
Mcalories = 1000 kcal or 1,000,000 calories
Kjoules, SI measurement o energy. 1Mcal =4.2MJ

47
Q

What energy requirements are specific for physiological state?

A

resting energy, maintenance energy, energy for production
growth, lactation, work

48
Q

What state is the resting energy requiremnt

A

normal adult animal (not preg, growing or lactating), at red, fed, its the energy to maintain body functions and digest food

49
Q

What is the universal formula and simplified formula to calculate resting energy requirement?

A

Universal formula:
◦ RER = 70x(BWkg) 0.75
Simplified formula:
◦ RER = (30xBWkg) + 70

50
Q

What is the maintenancy energy requiremet?

A

resting energy requirement, plus an allowance for normal daily activity

51
Q
A
52
Q

What is energy for production?

A

production is defined as energy needed for lactation, pregnancy (fetal growth), growth, special physical activity - working horse or sled dog
Added to maintenance requirement to get overall energy requirement
total is the daily energy requirement (DER)

53
Q

A 4kg cas need 250kcal per day, what amount to be feed them if the caloric density is 325kcal/cup?

A

Caloric needs / caloric density
250kcal/day / 325kcal/cup
= 0.75 cup/day

54
Q

Gizmo is a 5 YO MN french bulldog, 5/9 BCS and is active. He is 12kg. What is his universal RER and simplified RER? What about his MER?

A

Universal: 70x(BW kg)0.75
= 70 x (12)0.75
= 70 x 6.45
= 451.32
Simplified: (30xBW kg) + 70
= (30 x 12) + 70
= 360 + 70
= 430
MER = 1.6 x RER so 720 kcal and 688kcal

55
Q

Gizmo is a 5 YO MN french bulldog, 5/9 BCS and is active. He is 12kg. His MER is 720kcal or 788kcal. What is the daily feeding amount for gizmo if 413kcal/250mL cup.
3443kcal/kg.

A

MER divide by caloric density
720 kcal divide by 413 kcal/cup = 1.75 cups
688 kcal divide by 413 kcal/cup = 1.66 cups

56
Q

Cole is a 3 YO M Lab mix, 5/9 BSC, he is a sporting dog that is 30kg. 447 kcal/cup

A

RER = 70x(BW kg)0.75 = 897.30 kcal
RER = (30xBW kg) + 70 = 970 kcal
MER = 1.8 x RER so 1,615.15 or 1,746 Kcal
1615.15 / 447 = 3.6 cups or 3 2/3rd
1746 / 447 = 3.9 cups 4 cups

57
Q

Allie is a 6 YO FS DLH, 5/9, indoor w/ low activity, 5 kg
Food is 77kcal/can

A

RER = 70x(BW kg)0.75 = 234.06
RER = (30xBW kg) + 70 = 220
MER = 1.0 X RER so 234.06kcal/d and 220kcal/d
234.06 / 77 = 3.04 or 3 cans
220 / 77 = 2.9 or 3 cans

58
Q

Humphry is a 4 YO MN british short hair, 7/9 BCS, indoor only
6.5 kg
320.09 kcal/100g

A

RER = 70x(BW kg6.5)0.75 = 284.96
RER = (30xBW kg) + 70 = 265
MER = 0.8 X RER so 228kcal/d and 212kcal/d
228 / 320/100g = 71g
212 / 320/100g = 66g

NUTRITION (11 decks)

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