2b. Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the genetically determined causes of intrinsic muscle disease?

A

Congenital Myopathies
Chronic Degeneration e.g. Muscular Dystrophy
Membrane Ion Channel Abnormalitiese e.g. Myotonia

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2
Q

What are some of the acquired causes of intrinsic muscle disease?

A

Inflammatory Myopathies e.g. Polymyositis
Non-inflammatory Myopathies e.g. Fibromyalgia
Endocrine Myopathies e.g. Cushing Syndrome
Toxic Myopathies e.g. Alcohol

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3
Q

What are some of the symptoms of muscle disease?

A

muscle weakness/tiredness
delayed relaxation after voluntary contraction
muscle pain
muscle stiffness

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4
Q

What are the different types of arthritis?

A
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Infectious arthritis
Crystal induced arthritis
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5
Q

What is arthritis?

A

This is the swelling or tenderness of a joint

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6
Q

What is a Baker’s Cyst?

A

A fluid-filled swelling that develops at the back of the knee

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7
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of bone and medullary cavity, usually located in one of the long bones

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8
Q

What type of pathogens cause haematogeneous osteomyelitis?

A

Monobacterium

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9
Q

What type of pathogens cause contagious osteomyelitis?

A

Polimicrobials

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10
Q

What is the most common pathogen associated with osteomyelitis in children and newborns?

A

S. Aureus and Group B Strep

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in adults?

A

S. Aureus

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12
Q

What causes osteomyelitis in the elderly?

A

Group Negative Bacilli

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13
Q

What pathogen causes infection of open fractures?

A

S. Aureus and Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacteria

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14
Q

What are the pathogens associated with sickle cell osteomyelitis?

A

Staphlococcus Aureus and Salmonella sp.

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15
Q

What is Gaucher’s Disease?

A

This is a genetic condition that leads to a build up of lipids in the liver and spleen.

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16
Q

What is Synovitis Acne Pustulosis Hyperostosis Osteitis (SAPHO) amd Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)?

A

A rare chronic inflammatory disorder of bone, joint, and skin
SAPHO affects adults
CRMO affects children

17
Q

What gives rise to osteoarthritis?

A

Cartilage and synovial composition and function deteriorate with age and repeated wear and tear

18
Q

What gives rise to rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Synovial cell proliferation and inflammation

19
Q

What gives rise to gouty arthritis?

A

Deposition of salt crystals e.g. uric acid

20
Q

What gives rise to soft tissue rheumatism?

A

Injury and inflammation to periarticular structures

21
Q

What is neuromyotonia?

A

This is an autoimmune disease where antibodies disrupt the voltage-activated K+ channels resulting in hyperexcitability

22
Q

What is Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia Syndrome?

A

This is an autoimmune condition where antibodies are generated against voltage-activated Ca2+ channels resulting in reduced acetylcholine release

23
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

This is an autoimmune condition where antibodies are produced against nicotinic ACh receptors in the endplate and result in a reduction in the number of functional channels.
This results in AP insufficient for muscle contraction

24
Q

What is botulinum toxin?

A

This is an extremely potent exotoxin that irreversibly inhibits ACh release.

25
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

This is a condition where there is a reduction in the density of bone

26
Q

What gene is associated with seronegative spondyloarthropathies?

A

HLA B27

27
Q

What are the four types of seronegative spondyloarthropathies?

A

Reactive Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Enteropathic Arthritis

28
Q

What is the most commonly affected bone in osteosarcoma?

A

Femur

Other common sites are the tibia and humerus

29
Q

What are the three types of cerebral palsy?

A

Spastic
Dyskinetic
Ataxic

30
Q

What is the cause of spastic cerebral palsy?

A

Damage to upper motor neurons

31
Q

What is the cause of dyskinetic cerebral palsy?

A

Damage to the basal ganglia