2b. Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology Flashcards
What are some of the genetically determined causes of intrinsic muscle disease?
Congenital Myopathies
Chronic Degeneration e.g. Muscular Dystrophy
Membrane Ion Channel Abnormalitiese e.g. Myotonia
What are some of the acquired causes of intrinsic muscle disease?
Inflammatory Myopathies e.g. Polymyositis
Non-inflammatory Myopathies e.g. Fibromyalgia
Endocrine Myopathies e.g. Cushing Syndrome
Toxic Myopathies e.g. Alcohol
What are some of the symptoms of muscle disease?
muscle weakness/tiredness
delayed relaxation after voluntary contraction
muscle pain
muscle stiffness
What are the different types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Seronegative spondyloarthropathies Infectious arthritis Crystal induced arthritis
What is arthritis?
This is the swelling or tenderness of a joint
What is a Baker’s Cyst?
A fluid-filled swelling that develops at the back of the knee
What is osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of bone and medullary cavity, usually located in one of the long bones
What type of pathogens cause haematogeneous osteomyelitis?
Monobacterium
What type of pathogens cause contagious osteomyelitis?
Polimicrobials
What is the most common pathogen associated with osteomyelitis in children and newborns?
S. Aureus and Group B Strep
What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in adults?
S. Aureus
What causes osteomyelitis in the elderly?
Group Negative Bacilli
What pathogen causes infection of open fractures?
S. Aureus and Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacteria
What are the pathogens associated with sickle cell osteomyelitis?
Staphlococcus Aureus and Salmonella sp.
What is Gaucher’s Disease?
This is a genetic condition that leads to a build up of lipids in the liver and spleen.
What is Synovitis Acne Pustulosis Hyperostosis Osteitis (SAPHO) amd Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)?
A rare chronic inflammatory disorder of bone, joint, and skin
SAPHO affects adults
CRMO affects children
What gives rise to osteoarthritis?
Cartilage and synovial composition and function deteriorate with age and repeated wear and tear
What gives rise to rheumatoid arthritis?
Synovial cell proliferation and inflammation
What gives rise to gouty arthritis?
Deposition of salt crystals e.g. uric acid
What gives rise to soft tissue rheumatism?
Injury and inflammation to periarticular structures
What is neuromyotonia?
This is an autoimmune disease where antibodies disrupt the voltage-activated K+ channels resulting in hyperexcitability
What is Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia Syndrome?
This is an autoimmune condition where antibodies are generated against voltage-activated Ca2+ channels resulting in reduced acetylcholine release
What is myasthenia gravis?
This is an autoimmune condition where antibodies are produced against nicotinic ACh receptors in the endplate and result in a reduction in the number of functional channels.
This results in AP insufficient for muscle contraction
What is botulinum toxin?
This is an extremely potent exotoxin that irreversibly inhibits ACh release.
What is osteoporosis?
This is a condition where there is a reduction in the density of bone
What gene is associated with seronegative spondyloarthropathies?
HLA B27
What are the four types of seronegative spondyloarthropathies?
Reactive Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Enteropathic Arthritis
What is the most commonly affected bone in osteosarcoma?
Femur
Other common sites are the tibia and humerus
What are the three types of cerebral palsy?
Spastic
Dyskinetic
Ataxic
What is the cause of spastic cerebral palsy?
Damage to upper motor neurons
What is the cause of dyskinetic cerebral palsy?
Damage to the basal ganglia
