Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1a. Year 2 > 2a. Dermatological Pharmacology > Flashcards

2a. Dermatological Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the methods of drug administration via the skin?

A 
Topical
Transdermal
Subcutaneous
Airways
Conjunctival sac
Nasal mucosa
Vaginal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe topical treatment…

A

Used for local effect by applying the treatment directly to the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe transdermal treatments…

A

Used for systemic effect by applying the treatment to the skin. It subsequently diffuses into the dermal capillaries and is carried to other areas of the body e.g. drug patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe subcutaneous treatments…

A

Delivered via injection into the adipose fat under the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two methods of drug diffusion across the skin?

A

Intracellular route

Transcellular route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the intracellular route of drug diffusion…

A

The drug diffuses between the corneocytes. This is the method of HYDROPHOBIC drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the transcellular route of drug diffusion…

A

The drug diffuses through the corneocytes. This is the method of HYDROPHILLIC drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What equation describe the rate of diffusion of topically applied drugs?

A

Fick’s law of diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What factors are considered in Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

concentration of drug in the vehicle, length of the coefficient pathway, permeability coefficient, partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of a vehicle in giving a topically applied drug?

A

This can affect the rate and extent of absorption rate and extent of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the factors that can affect the rate and extent of absorption of a topically applied drug?

A

Fraction of drug dissolved in vehicle

Inclusion of excipients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of excipients in a drug vehicle?

A

Enhance drug solubility and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What factors can be used to increase the absorption of topically applied dugs?

A

Hydration of the skin to prevent moisture loss

Increasing the solubility of hydrophobic drugs by including excipients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes an increase in the partitioning?

A

A reduction in the barrier function of the strateum corneum perhaps from the formation of pore pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does an increase in the thickness of the skin lead to?

A

Decrease in the absorption of drug e.g. it is harder for drugs to be absorbed across the nail than on the face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the functions of glucocorticoids?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Immunosuppressant
Vasoconstricting
Antiproliferation action upon keratinocytes and fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some side effects of long term use of glucocorticoids?

A

Steroid rebound
Skin atrophy
Systemic effects
Spread of infection due to immune suppression of the skin
Steroid rosacea
Stretch marks - striae atrophica
Superficial dilatation of small blood vessels - telangiactasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the mechanism of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. They are lipophilic and diffuse across the plasma membrane.
  2. Combine with GRα in the cytoplasm.
  3. Produce a dissociation of inhibitory heat shock proteins and the activated receptor translocates to the nucleus aided by importins.
  4. The activated receptor monomers assemble homodimers and bind glucocorticoid response elements in the promotor regions of specific genes.
  5. Transcription of genes is then switched either on or off to alter mRNA and the rate of synthesis of mediator proteins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does subcutaneously injected drugs reach the systemic circulation?

A

Capillaries an lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the skin a good choice for drug administration?

A

Application is simple
Allows for steady state plasma concentration
Avoids first pass metabolism
Drug absorption can be terminated rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the factors that make a drug a good candidate for transdermal drug delivery?

A

lipophilic, of a low molecular weight, moderately potent and have a relatively short half life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are enhancers in terms of transdermal drug delivery?

A

Chemicals that interact with the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum to increase its permeability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some examples of enhancers?

A

Water
Solvents - ethanol
Surfactants - sodium dodecyl sulphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are creams?

A

Semisolid emulsion of oil in water
High water content
Contain emulsifier and preservative

25
Q

What is an ointment?

A

Semisolid grease in ointment

Restrict transepidermal water loss

26
Q

What are lotion?

A

Liquid formulation

27
Q

What are gels?

A

Thickened aquaeous lotions

28
Q

What are pastes?

A

Semisolids containing finely powdered material

29
Q

What are foams?

A

Colloid with two-three phases

Usually hydrophilic liquid in continuous phase with foaming agent dispersed in gaseous phase

30
Q

Name some types of topical therapies…

A 
Emollients
Topical Steroids
Antiinfective agents
Antipruritics
Keratolytics
Psoriasis therapies
Cytotoxic and antineoplastic agents
31
Q

What are emollients?

A

Enhance the rehydration of epidermis in dry and scaly conditions

32
Q

What is the mode of action of topical steroids?

A

Vasoconstrictive
Anti-inflammatory
Antiproliferative

33
Q

Name a mild steroid

A

Hydrocortisone 1%

34
Q

Name a moderate steroid…

A

Modrasone Clobetasone Butyrate 0.05%

35
Q

Name a potent steroid…

A

Mometasone Betamethasone Valerate 0.1%

36
Q

Name a very potent steroid

A

Colbetasol Proprionate 0.05%

37
Q

What are some side effects of topical steroids?

A

May worsen or mask infection
Systemic absorption
Increased risk of tachyphylaxis, rebound flares, glaucoma and cataract

38
Q

What are some examples of antiseptics?

A

Povidone Iodine
Chlorhexidine]Triclosan
Triclosan
Hydrigen Peroxide

39
Q

What are the clinical uses of antiseptics?

A

Recurrent infections
Skin cleansing
Wound irrigation

40
Q

What are possible side effects of topical steroids?

A

Burning or irritation
Contact allergic dermatitis
Local toxicity
Systemic toxicity

41
Q

Name the different bases or vehicles used for topical skin therapeutics…

A 
Gels
Creams
Ointments
Pastes
Lotions
Foams
42
Q

What are the different TYPES of topical skin therapeutics?

A 
Emollients
Topical Steroids
Anti-infective agents - antiseptics, antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals
Antipruritics
Keratolytics
Psoriasis therapies
Cytotoxic and antineoplastic agents
43
Q

What are anti-pruritics?

A

Anti-itch drugs

44
Q

What are keratolytics?

A

Topical agents applied to the skin to soften the keratin

45
Q

What are emollients?

A

Emollients are used for the rehydration of the epidermis. This can be prescribed for dry and scaly skin conditions e.g. eczema

46
Q

What are topical corticosteroids?

A

Topical steroids are medicines that are applied directly to the skin to reduce inflammation and irritation and cause local immune suppression

47
Q

What are the modes of action of topical steroids?

A

Vasoconstrictive
Anti-inflammatory
Antiproliferative

48
Q

What are the side effects of topical steorids?

A

thinning of the skin, purpura, stretch marks, telangiectasia, steroid rosacea and perioral dermatitis.

49
Q

Name some calineurin inhibitors…

A

TACROLIMUS, PIMECROLIMUS

50
Q

What is the role of calcineurin inhibitors?

A

To supress lymphocyte activation. This can be used in the topical treatment of eczema.

51
Q

What are some systemic effects fo topical skin treatments?

A

Salicylism - this can rarely lead to death
Hypercalcaemia and Hypercalcuris - fromvitamin d analogues
Suppression of the pituitary

52
Q

Name some antiseptic agents…

A

POVIDONE IODINE, CHLORHEXIDINE, TRICLOSAN, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.

53
Q

What is the use of antiseptics?

A

These are used to prevent recurrent infections, for skin cleansing and for wound irrigation.

54
Q

Name some antifungals…

A

CLOTRIMAZOLE, TERBINAFINE CREAM, KETOCONAZOLE

55
Q

Name some anti-pruritics…

A

MENTHOL, CAPSAICIN, CAMPHOR, PHENOL, CROTAMITON

56
Q

Name some keratolytics…

A

SALICYLIC ACID OINTMENT

57
Q

Name some cytotoxic and antineoplastic drugs…

A

SALICYLIC ACID OINTMENT

58
Q

What is the use of cytotoxic and antineoplastic drugs?

A

Used for solar damages, Bowen’s disease and the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma

1a. Year 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions