Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1a. Year 2 > 2a. Dermatological Principles > Flashcards

2a. Dermatological Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the appendages of the skin?

A

Nails, Hair, Glands, Mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of cell is the epidermis composed of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (mainly Keratinocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What as the layers of the epidermis?

A

Basal Layer
Prickle Cell Layer
Granular Layer
Keratin Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What muscles allows hair to stand up?`

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the basal layer

A 
Stem Cell layer
One cell thick
Small cuboidal cells
Lots of intermediate filaments
High metabolic activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the prickle cell layer

A

Large polyhedral cells

Lots of desmosomes with intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the granular layer

A

2-3 layers of flatter cells

Large Keratohyalin granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the granules in the granular layer contain?

A

Filaggrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the keratin layer?

A

Corneocytes - non-nucleated cell remnants

INSOLUBLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are lamellar granules?

A

Secretory organelles found in type ii alveolar cell sin the lungs and keratinocytes in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the other cells in the epidermis?

A

Melanocytes, Lagerhans Cells, Merkel Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Pigment producing dendritic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do melanocytes have synaptic function?

A

They have synaptic function to release the melanin pigment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do melanocytes function?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment. Melanin absorbs lights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is melanin mostly at the top of the cell?

A

To protect DNA in the nucleus from damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are langerhans cells found?

A

Prickle cell level in epidermis; dermis; lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are racket organelles?

A

Possibly do something to do with antigen processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

Basal layer - between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of merkel cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors. They connect to the nerve endings and a direct connection to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the phases if hair growth?

A

Anagen - Growing
Catagen - Involuting
Telogen - Resting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the name of the layer of subcutaneous tissue beneath the dermis?

A

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where do the arteries that supply the skin come from?

A

The dermis and the subcutaneous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pilosebaceous unit?

A

The hair follicle and all the appendages surrounding it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the pilosebaceous unit composed of?

A 
Hair follicle
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous gland
Hair root
Apocrine sweat gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous gland?

A

Produces sebum to lubricate the hair and connects the hair follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are the apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Axilla and genetalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are the eccrine sweat glands found?

A

Skin of the forearms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

Interface between epidermis and dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of the dermo-epidermal junction?

A 
Support
Anchorage
Adhesion
Growth
Differentiation of basal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the dermis embryologically derived from?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

A connective tissue support system for the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What cells are contained in the dermis?

A 
Mainly fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Langerhans cells
Collage and elastin fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What cells make collagen and elastin in the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why do people of colour have less pronounced photo ageing?

A

Greater UV protection due to a larger amount of melanin in skin keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two vascular plexuses in the dermis?

A

Superficial vascular plexus

Deep vascular plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where do the lymphatics run in the dermis?

A

They follow the vascular plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the immune functions of the lymphatics in the skin?

A

Immune surveillance by circulating lymphocytes and langerhans cells
Channelling of micro-organisms and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the somatic sensory nerves in the dermis?

A

Free nerve endings in the high dermis

Special receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the pressure receptors in the dermis?

A

Pacinian bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the vibration receptors in the dermis?

A

Meissners corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the autonomic nerve supply in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 3 main segments of the hair follicle

A

Infundibulum - upper part
Isthmius - where sebaceous gland opens into the hair follicle and location of stem cells
Hair bulb - base of the follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the three types of glands in the dermis?

A

Sebaceous
Apocrine
Eccrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the function of the eccrine gland?

A

True sweat gland - makes watery sweat for thermoregulation and filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous gland?

A

Attaches to the hair follicle making sticky oil to lubricate the hair follicle.
Hormone sensitive.
This controls moisture loss and protects from fungal infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the function of the apocrine gland?

A

Discharges into the hair follicle. Purpose unclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

At what age are sebaceous and apocrine glands activated?

A

During puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A 
Barrier function
Metabolism and detoxification
Thermoregulation
Immune defence
Communication
Sensory functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the metabolic activity of the skin?

A

Vitamin D metabloism
Thyroid hormone metabolism
Metabolism of chemicals, pollutants, drugs and sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does UBV convert to produce Vitamin D3?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Describe thyroid hormone metabolism in the skin?

A

Thyroxine –> Triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the named fascia of the upper libs?

A

Pectoral fascia
Deltoid fascia
Brachial fascia
Antebrachial fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the names fascia of the lower limb?

A

Fascia lata - thigh
Iliotibial tract
Crural fascia - leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where does the arterial supply to the upper limb begin?

A

Subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What vessels does arterial blood flow through in the arm?

A

Subclavian –> brachial –> deep brachial –> radial (laterally) & ulnar (medially) –> deep and superficial palmar arches –> metacarpal and digital arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How many digital arteries are there per digit of the hand?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where does the arterial supply to the lower limb begin?

A

External iliac artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What vessels does arterial blood flow through in the leg?

A

External iliac artery –> femoral and deep femoral–> popliteal artery –> anterior and posterior tibial –> arteries of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the arteries of the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar
Arcuate
Deep plantar arch
Metatarsal and digital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are end arteries?

A

There is no collateral blood supply in an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where is the pulse of the bifurcation of the common carotid?

A

Anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Describe superficial veins of the limbs

A

In superficial fascia
Variable patterns
Smaller and thinner
drain into deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

describe the deep veins of the limbs

A

Run deep to the deep fascia
More predictable pattern
Larger and thicker
Often occur in neurovascular bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the main superficial veins in the upper limbs?

A

Cephalic Vein

Basilic Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the median cubital vein?

A

A vein that is formed from the connection of the basilic and cephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the main superficial veins in the lower limbs?

A

Great saphenous vein

Small saphenous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are vena comitantes?

A

Veins that surround the artery in a fascial sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where do superficial lymphatic vessels of the upper limbs that follow the basilic vein drain to?

A

Cubital nodes then lateral axillary nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Where do superficial lymphatic vessels of the upper limbs that follow the cephalic vein drain to?

A

Apical axillary nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Where do the lymph vessels of the upper limb eventually drain to?

A

Subclavian nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What vein do the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb follow?

A

Saphenous veins

73
Q

What are the layers of the skin at 4 weeks foetal development?

A

Periderm
Basal Layer
Dermis

74
Q

What are the layers of the skin at 16 weeks foetal development?

A 
Keratin Layer
Granular Layer
Prickle Cell Layer
Basal Layer
Dermis
75
Q

What are corneocytes?

A

Terminally differentiated non-nucleated cell remnants

76
Q

What is contained within the cells of the granular layer?

A

Keratohyalin granules containing structural filaggrin and involucrin proteins

77
Q

What are odland (lamellar) bodies?

A

Small sub-cellular structures of size 200-300 nm that are present in the upper spinous and granular cell layers of the epidermis.

78
Q

What is the function of odland (lamellar) bodies?

A

These act as processing and repository areas for lipids that contribute to the epidermal permeability barrier.

79
Q

What characterises Langerhans cells as antigen presenting cells?

A

Birbeck Granule

80
Q

What T cells are found in the epidermis?

A

CD8+ T cells

81
Q

What T cells are found in the dermis?

A

CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells

82
Q

What are the two main classes of CD4+ T cells?

A

TH1 and TH2

83
Q

Where does differentiation of kerationcytes occur?

A

Basement membrane

84
Q

What is the name of the organelle responsible for producing pigment in melanocytes?

A

Melanosomes

85
Q

Where are langerhans cells found?

A

Prickle cell layer, dermis and lymph nodes

86
Q

What are the two categories of nerves within the skin?

A

Somatic sensory

Autonomic

87
Q

Name the types of cells within the dermis

A 
Fibroblasts
Mast Cells
Langerhans Cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
88
Q

Why do blood vessels of the skin have a higher supply than their metabolic needs?

A

Because they are able to lose heat energy for thermoregulation

89
Q

What do lymphatic vessels drain from the skin?

A

Plasma proteins, extravaste cells and excess interstitial fluid

90
Q

What are the two catergories of nerves within the skin?

A

Somatic sensory

Autonomic

91
Q

What stimulates the eccrine gland?

A

Sympathetic nervous supply

92
Q

What stimulates the apocrine gland?

A

The hormone, androgen

93
Q

What metabolic processes is the skin involved in?

A

Vitamin D and thyroid metabolism and defence against chemicals etc.

94
Q

What is a Skin Phototype 1?

A

Doesn’t Tan, burns easily

95
Q

What is a Skin Phototype 2?

A

Goes red in the sun but turns brown after multiple exposures

96
Q

What is a Skin Phototype 3?

A

Goes red in the sun but turns brown after one exposure

97
Q

What is a Skin Phototype 4?

A

Tans easily, rarely burns

98
Q

What is a Skin Phototype 5?

A

Brown Skin

99
Q

What is a Skin Phototype 6?

A

Black Skin

100
Q

What are porphyrins?

A

Chemicals that are essential for the function of haemoglobin. High levels of porphyrins can cause significant problems.

101
Q

What is an adhesion virulence factor?

A

Enables binding of the organsim to host tissue

102
Q

What is an invasin virulence factor?

A

Enables he organism to invade a host cell/tissue

103
Q

What is an impedin virulence factor?

A

Enables the organism to avoid host defence mechanisms

104
Q

What is an aggressin virulence factor?

A

Causes damage to the host directly

105
Q

What is a modulin virulence factor?

A

Induces damage to the host directly

106
Q

What type of bacteria are more common in skin infections?

A

Gram +ve - staphylococcus and streptococcus

107
Q

Name two staphylococci of the skin…

A

S. Aureus

S. Epidermis

108
Q

Name a type of streptococcus skin infection…

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes/Group A Streptococcus

109
Q

What is the route of the cephalic vein?

A

It arises from the dorsal venous network and moves proximally up the lateral side of the forearm. It then moves over the midline of the biceps brachii and pierces the deep fascia at the deltopectoral triangle to drain into the axillary vein.

110
Q

What is the route of the great saphenous vein?

A

It arrises from the medial dorsal venous arch and moves proximally up the anteriolateral aspect of the lower limb. It pierces the deep fascia in the femoral triangle and drains into the femoral vein.

111
Q

What are some of the prominent virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus?

A 
Coagulase
Fibrinogen Binding Protein
Haemolysis a
Leukocidin 
TSST-1
112
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen binding protein as a virulence factor?

A

Adhesin. blocks entrance of larger immune cells

113
Q

What is the role of coagulase as a virulence factor?

A

Clots plasms and therefore prevents the entrance of larger immune cells

114
Q

What is the role of leukocydin (PVL) as a virulence factor?

A

A pore-forming toxin that inactivates leukocytes

115
Q

What is the role of protein a as a virulence factor?

A

Antiphagocytic toxin

116
Q

What is the role of TSST-1 as a virulence factor?

A

Stimulates interleukin and TNF release to cause an overwhelming immune response

117
Q

What are superantigens?

A

Super antigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system e.g. TSST-1

118
Q

What methods do virulence factors employ to evade host defences?

A

Super antigens divert the immune response to other areas

Coagulase will coagulate plasma to prevent large immune cells from getting to their point of requirement

119
Q

What type of haemolysis do Group A Streptococcus undergo?

A

Beta haemolysis

120
Q

What is the Lancefield system?

A

A method of further subdividing Group A streptococcus by their M protein antigens

121
Q

What are some of the prominent virulence factors of streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Super antigenic toxins
Haemolysins (SLS) - cause tissue damage and ulcers
M proteins - bind Factor M, fibronectin, fibrinogen and albumin

122
Q

What are the basic tissue groups found in the skin?

A 
Epithelium
Glands
Muscle
Hair
Adipose Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
123
Q

What type of glands regulate heat and salt loss?

A

Eccrine glands

124
Q

What do free nerve ending detect in the skin?

A

Pain

125
Q

What is primary intention healing?

A

The edges of the wound are approximated by stitches leading to rapid healing

126
Q

What is secondary intention healing?

A

Used for larger wounds that are too tight to stitch. This will heal naturally leaving a scar

127
Q

What are the three stages of wound healing?

A

Inflammation
Proliferation
Tissue Remodelling

128
Q

What is a genetic variation that has no effect?

A

Polymorphism

129
Q

What is superficial fascia?

A

Loose connective tissue and fat that varies in depth. It contains superficial blood vessels, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics and sweat glands.

130
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

This is present in most of the body and is deep to the skin and superficial fascia. It is composed of dense connective tissue and divides the limbs into compartments.

131
Q

Describe the course of the cephalic vein…

A

Arises from the dorsal venous network, runs up the lateral aspect of the limb and drains into the axillary vein.

132
Q

Describe the course of the basilic vein…

A

Arises from the dorsal venous network, runs up the medial aspect of the limb and drains into the brachial vein

133
Q

What vein does the cephalic vein drain into?

A

Axillary vein

134
Q

What vein does the basilic vein drain into?

A

Brachial vein

135
Q

What it the median cubital vein?

A

connection between the cephalic and basilic vein, this is not present in all people

136
Q

Describe the course of the Great Saphenous Vein…

A

arises from the dorsal venous arch and runs up the medial aspect of the limb. It then drains into the femoral vein within the femoral triangle

137
Q

Describe the course of the Small Saphenous Vein…

A

arises from the dorsal venous arch and rubs up the posterior midline of the leg. It then drains into the popliteal vein, posterior to the knee

138
Q

What vein does the Great Saphenous Vein drain inot?

A

Femoral Vein

139
Q

What vein does the Small Saphenous Vein drain into?

A

Popliteal Vein

140
Q

What is the course of the superficial lymphatics in the upper limb?

A

arise from the plexuses in the fingers and hand and follow the same course as the cephalic and basilic veins

141
Q

What is the course of the deep lymphatics in the upper limb?

A

follow the deep veins pf the upper limb and drain into the lateral lymph nodes.

142
Q

What is the course of the superficial lymphatics in the lower limb?

A

Follow the saphenous veins

143
Q

What is the course of the deep lymphatics in the lower limb?

A

Follow the deep veins of the lower limb and drain into the popliteal lymph nodes

144
Q

Where do the axillary lymph nodes drain to?

A

Subclavian lymphatics

145
Q

Where do the external iliac lymph nodes drain into?

A

Common iliac nodes then the lumbar lymphatics.

146
Q

Name some virulence factors associated with streptococcus pyogenes…

A

Superantigenic toxins
M Proteins
Haemolysin SLO
Haemolysin SLS

147
Q

What are some examples of mobile genetic elements?

A

Plasmids
Bacteriophages
Transposons
Pathogenicity Islands

148
Q

What is the breslow thickness?

A

The distance between the granular layer and the deepest tumour cell in melanoma

149
Q

What antibiotic is given fro S. Aureus infections?

A

Flucloxacillin, doxycycline if penicillin allergic

150
Q

What is precision medicne?

A

Giving patients treatment that will benefit their individual condition as opposed to treatment that is used for the patient group as a whole

151
Q

What diseases are most affected by precision medicine?

A

It is most effective for rare, highly penetrant diseases

152
Q

What type of mutation is most likely to have a multi-systemic effect?

A

Autosomal dominant

153
Q

What is a commensal organism?

A

A commensal is an organism that uses food supplied in the internal or the external environment of the host, without establishing a close association with the host, for instance by feeding on its tissues.

154
Q

What is a pathogenic organism?

A

A pathogenic organism is an organism that can cause damage to a host. This may result in illness.

155
Q

How do we distinguish a commensal organism from a pathogenic organism?

A

Commensal organisms do not encode aggressive tools for invasion of the host.

156
Q

What is a dermophyte?

A

A group of fungus that can cause skin infection in humans

157
Q

What are some stimuli that cause mast cells to degraulate?

A

Allergens in a Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions
Anti-IgE in auto immune conditions
Endogenous substances such as Substance P
Complement proteins such as C5a
Exogenous chemicals such as Codeine

158
Q

What is vitamin D?

A

A fat soluble pro-hormone essential for calcium and phosphorus metabolism

159
Q

What are the different types of vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D2
Vitamin D3
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)

160
Q

What is responsible for determining the skin phototype?

A

The amount of melanin pigment in the skin.

161
Q

What is the role of keratinocytes in vitamin D metabolism?

A

The keratinocytes of the skin are both the primary source of vitamin D for the body and are also able to metabolise vitamin D into its active metabolite.

162
Q

What is cancer?

A

an accumulation of abnormal cells that multiply through uncontrolled cell division and spread to other parts of the body by invasion and/or distant metastasis via the blood and lymphatic system

163
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

over-active forms of genes that positively regulate cell division. These drive tumour formation when their activity or abundance is increased.

164
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

normal versions of these genes that have not yet been mutated.

165
Q

What are tumour suppressors?

A

the inactive or non-functional form of a gene that negatively regulates cell division. This prevents the formation of a tumour when functioning normally.

166
Q

What is the functions of tumour suppressor genes?

A

This can trigger cell cycle arrest for DNA repair OR can trigger apoptosis

167
Q

Describe UVA…

A

UVA causes INDIRECT damage via oxidation. It penetrates more deeply into the skin than UVB and we are exposed to a lot more as it passes through the ozone layer easier.

168
Q

Describe UVB…

A

UVB causes DIRECT damage to DNA. It is up to 1000x more damaging than UVA when the sun is directly overhead.

169
Q

What are the two major types of UVB induced DNA lesions?

A

Cyclobutane pyrimidine Dimers

Pyrimidine-Pyrimidone Photo Products

170
Q

What gene removes UVB induced DNA lesions?

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

171
Q

How does UVA cause DNA damage?

A

Via oxidation of DNA deoxyguanosine to form 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine

172
Q

What gene repairs UVA induced lesions?

A

Base Excision Repair

173
Q

What is hedgehog signalling?

A

HH signalling targets include genes that are important for cell proliferation — proto-oncogenes — as well as growth factors.

174
Q

What type of cancer is malfunctioning PTCH associated with?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

175
Q

What is cryotherapy?

A

This is a technique used for the destruction of tissue by the application of cold

176
Q

What is the mechanism of cryotherapy?

A
  1. Intracellular ice formation
  2. Osmotic changes
  3. Vascular changes
  4. Immune system stimulation
177
Q

What is the function of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene?

A

Determines balance of pigment in the skin and hair by converting phaeomelanin to eumelanin.

178
Q

What pigment causes all hair colours other than red?

A

Eumelanin

179
Q

What pigment causes red hair?

A

Phaeomelanin

1a. Year 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions