2.a disease and economic development Flashcards
how access to food influences disease
development
higher rates of employment
stronger economy, positive multiplier effect., disposable income
greater variety and quantity of food and global food trade increases.
short term reduced diseases of poverty like TB
less reliance agricultural work-sector shift increased life expectancy
however increased obesity
45% childhood deaths food related
63.9% obese in UK
how access to clean water influences disease
employment
tax
water supply
decreased diseases of poverty
decreased waterborne diseases
e.g. leptospirosis over 1 million annual cases
how access to sanitation influences disease
jobs
tax
improved infrastructure sewage in urban
rural to urban migration
decreased diseases of poverty and increased healthcare
e.g. decreased hospital transmitted infection (MRSA 14 000 annual deaths)
e.g. decreased diarrheal diseases (1/9) infant deaths
epidemiological transition model
created in 1971
3 clear stages and two new ones hypothesise (show it is outdated)
1) age of pestilence and famine
2) age of receding pandemics
3) age of degenerative and man made diseases
4) age of delayed degenerative diseases
5) era of health regression
phase 1: age of pestilence and famine
pre industrial society
life expectancy of 35 years
infectious diseases
population is low and intermittent
historic
phase 2: age of receding pandemics
industrial societies
endemics causing large scale mortality rare
life expectancy above 50 years
most LIDCs and EDCs today
phase 3: age of degenerative and man made diseases
post industrial societies
degenerative diseases are main cause of mortality
man made diseases associated with environment become more common e.g. cancer form pollution
many rapidly developing EDCs today like China and Brazil
phase 4: age of delayed degenerative diseases
medical advances delay onset of age related degenerative diseases e.g., CVD revolution of last 40 years has increased life expectancy in ACs from 70s to 80s
obesity and linked diseases e.g. diabetes become more common
phase 5: era of health recession
diseases mutate and change e.g. flu antigenic change every 20-40 years
drug resistant infections e.g. MRSA (14 00 annual deaths)
why LIDCs have higher presence of communicable dieases
poverty (poor nutrition, air quality, sanitation, healthcare and education)
WHO estimates 45% of disease burden in poorest countries is diseases of poverty
TB and HIV/AIDS is a combined 18% disease burden in poorest countries
10% health research in countries which have 90% global disease burden (10/90 gap)
social reasons why LIDCs have higher prevalence of communicable diseases
stigma: lack of health education, cultural and social barriers cause stigma and discrimination e.g. Buruli Ulcer, prevents people receiving help
burden on caregivers: no income for treatment, worsens gender divide and lack of education (long term)
housing: respiratory infections, weakened immune system, PM2.5 chemical carcinogens e.g. asbestos
food: 1965-2015 calorie intake in SS Africa only rose by 37kcal/day/person
economic reasons for burden of communicable diseases in LIDCs: healthcare burden
in areas of high malaria transmission it accounts for 40% of public health expenditure
rotavirus ills half a million children under 5 each year
malaria reduces economic growth by 1.3% in worse affected areas
TB costs around 7% of GDP in worst affected areas
economic and political reasons for burden of communicable diseases in LIDCs: lack of research
of 1393 new chemical entities introduce 1975-1999 only 16 targeted tropical diseases
corruption in pharmaceutical industry
unequal global distribution of political power
environmental reasons for communicable diseases to be most prevalent in LIDCs: tropical and sub tropical climates
Vector-borne disease: warm climate is beneficial for mosquito survival and movement
mosquitos feed more (eg: zika outbreak in 2016 had highest incidence rate in areas with temperature and drought hotspots)
16 degree threshold for vector survival
monsoons, droughts, El Nino etc
el Nino: Malaria epidemics 6-8 weeks after floods
bc stagnant water for breeding. Costa Rica (1991) The Dominican Republic (2004)
why ACs have a higher prevalence of NCDs: social
3.2 million deaths due to insufficient activity
1.7 million deaths due to low fruit and vegetable intake
leisure time decreases activity UK gov 5 day working week and 28 days annual leave
alcohol and tobacco: 6 mil deaths annually due to tobacco - due to increase to 8 million annually
live longer
