2a - did

Question 1

hierarchy of personality + digman

Answer 1

Identify meaningful descriptions of big 5 personality at higher levels in hierarchy: first dine by Digman who identified 2 factors he considered captured relationships between groups of the 5 factors

Question 2

alpha

Answer 2

regulate thoughts, feelings, behaviours in line with social norms

Question 3

beta

Answer 3

people high in plasticity high in extraversion an openness: embrace/response and adapt in certain situations

Question 4

Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma

Answer 4

Likely trade-off between breadth and accuracy of prediction

Question 5

broad higher level descriptions

Answer 5

Predict more behaviours
But with lower accuracy

Question 6

narrow, lower level descriptors

Answer 6

Predict fewer behaviours
But with more accuracy

Question 7

lower level descriptors study:
Paunonen & Ashton

Answer 7

Compared predictive value of big 5 traits with predictive power of specific lower order facets

Question 8

results: Lower-Level Descriptors study for openess and conscientiousness

Answer 8

Openness to experience had no sig relationship to final uni grade
But its single facet (need for understanding) was a significant predictor of final uni grade

Conscientiousness was a sig predictor of final uni grades (r=.21)
But predictive power of facets of consciousnesses (need for achievement) better predictor of grade

 Individual facets were stronger predictors of Uni grade

Question 9

Holistic Models of Entire Personality

Answer 9

Aim for simple model of entire personality space.
Fewer, broad traits.

Question 10

Narrow Measures of Specific Part(s) of Personality

Answer 10

Focus on part of personality relevant to specific behaviour.
Specific, narrow traits.

Question 11

Authoritarianism

Answer 11

Adorno et al (1950) – attempt to explain recent examples of prejudice and extreme views towards others

Question 12

evidence for heritability of conservatism

Answer 12

Bouchard et al. (2003): Evidence for heritability of conservatism from twins reared apart.

Conservatism associated with decreased neural response to supressing a habitual response in Go/No-Go task (and lower response accuracy).

Suggests differences in conservatism/authoritarianism are partly genetically determined are a stable personality trait

Question 13

Schizotypy - continuity hypothesis

Answer 13

there is no discontinuity between ‘normality’ and illness
should be able to find personality traits in non-clinical populations that are related to psychosis

Question 14

schizotypy

Answer 14

Schizotypy: correlated items based on clinical descriptions of schizophrenia.
- Reflects genetic/biological vulnerability to psychosis

Question 15

Concepts/measures of Schizotypy - Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE)
4 points

Answer 15

Unusual experiences: perceptual distortions, hallucinations, and magical thinking
Cognitive Disorganisation: cognitive difficulties, sense of purposelessness, anxiety etc
Introvertive Anhedonia: lack of enjoyment from social sources, and dislike of intimacy
Impulsive Nonconformity: impulsive and disinhibited behaviour.

Question 16

Raine (1991): Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ

Answer 16

Ideas of Reference- (Interprets innocuous external events as having higher personal significance)
Excessive Social Anxiety
Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking
Unusual Perceptual Experiences
Odd or Eccentric Behaviour
No Close Friends
Odd Speech
Constricted Affect
Suspiciousness

Question 17

negative priming

Answer 17

A measure of cognitive inhibition.
Reduced in schizophrenia.

Question 18

Steel, Hemsley & Jones (1996):
validity of schizotypy

Answer 18

condition 1 = control
condition 2 = stroop: measured cognitive inhibition - try and inhibit word to read colour of ink
3rd condition: negative priming condition: more difficult condition as inhibitory signals generated for first trial carry over for next trail inhibiting ability to make response = negative prime
Greater difference between trails = greater inhibition
People w S show smaller NP effect as they have less inhibition

Question 19

Machiavellianism

Answer 19

Better to be feared than loved.
Trust no one.
Make decisions for the benefit of the group, with the absence of morality. The ends justify the means.
Be cunning and strong.
Make friends with powerful people.
Importance of how you appear to be

Question 20

Christie and Geis (1970): Mach-IV

Answer 20

20 items: Likert-type response
Questions in tactics, views and morality
Mach people would be better at lying and feel less guilt/shame so better able to maintain eye contact
Eye contact after cheating  high Mach were able to maintain more eye contact

Question 21

the dark triad + what the traits relate to

Answer 21

Paulhaus and Williams (2002): Three overlapping, yet distinct, ‘dark’ personality traits relating to social malevolence, coldness, aggressiveness, self-promotion and duplicity.

Question 22

Narcisism - traits

Answer 22

Feelings of grandiosity, superiority, dominance, self-focus and entitlement.
Subclinical measure of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

Question 23

psychopathy traits

Answer 23

Nonclinical features of psychopaths.
Impulsivity and thrill-seeking.
Superficial charm, manipulative.
Low empathy, remorse and guilt.

Question 24

evidence for dark triad

Answer 24

Students completed measures to see correlations between traits
Found moderate correlations: significant overlap between traits, still sufficiently distinct to be of interest in their own right

Question 25

the dirty dozen study

Answer 25

4 items measuing each construct of dark triad:

each 4 items strongly related to 1 independent factor with low crossloadings on other 2

evidence that 3 traits are distinct

Question 26

dark triad trait features

Answer 26

Preference for short-term relationships
‘Night-time’ chronotype - more awake/active later in the day .
Cruelty to animals
Attractiveness to others