1b - did

Question 1

Raymond Cattell –> traits

Answer 1

Factor analysis:
45 surface traits
16 personality trait (source traits which explain variability in surface trait)

Question 2

Persoanlity factors - cattell: how they were presented

Answer 2

they were scales not categories - dimensions people can vary on
listed in order of importance/variance explained -
Maps personality onto intelligence: reasoning relevant aspect of personality

Question 3

catell persoanlity traits Criticisms:

Answer 3

Subjectivity and arbitrariness in analysis.
Many failures to replicate 16 factor structure.
Sixteen – too many factors to work with as more comparisons = greater chance of making false positive
Correlations between factors – not independent.
Better accounted for by fewer, independent factors ?
Analyses of same data: 5 independent ‘second-order’ factors of: Extraversion, Anxiety, Self-Control, Independence/Accommodation, & Openness

Question 4

positives-cattell 16f

Answer 4

Methodical, data-driven approach to theory development.
Promoted use of Factor analysis in personality research. (PhD student of Charles Spearman)
Revised 16PF questionnaires still used.
Formed the basis of subsequent ‘big 5’ models.

Question 5

Costa and McCrae’s BIG Five - how it formed

Answer 5

came from reanalysis of work which led to 5 super factors
Five factors are ‘necessary and reasonably sufficient’ for describing major features of personality at a global level

Question 6

costa and McCrae big 5
persoanlity traits - breakdown

Answer 6

Agreeableness and Conscientiousness - Added from Goldberg
openess to expereince
Neuroticism and Extraversion - from Cattel

Question 7

The new item added

Answer 7

openess to experience

Question 8

NEOAC (Ocean): Neopersonality inventory

Answer 8

measures 6 facets (primary traits) of each super trait

Question 9

openness to experience

Answer 9

Tendency to engage in intellectual activities and experience new sensations and ideas.
Related to curiosity, imagination, unconventional attitudes, aesthetic sensitivity.
Cf Creativity - Intellect

Question 10

primary trait of openess

Answer 10

fantasy, actions, ideas, values, aesthetics, feelings

Question 11

Primary traits of agreeableness

Answer 11

Trust, altruism, straightforwardness, compliance, modesty, tender-minedness
Predisposition to pro-social behaviour.

Question 12

conscientiousness

Answer 12

Proactivity, responsibility, and self-discipline.
Efficiency, organisation, determination and productivity.

Question 13

Big Five Vs. Eysenck’s ‘Gigantic Three’

Answer 13

Eysenck – Three factors (PEN)
Openness is intelligence, not personality
Agreeableness is just Low psychoticicms, Low Neurticims, and High Extraversion.

Question 14

correlations between Big Five Vs. Eysenck’s ‘Gigantic Three’

Answer 14

Good correlation between neuroticism and extraversion
Poorer correlation between other 3 factors (o, a, c) and Eysenck’s traits = poor overlap and no strong correlation  shows models are different

Question 15

Block - critique of OCEAN

Answer 15

Factors derived from factor analysis depend on which variables are entered…and on number of factors extracted (different solutions).

Overreliance on lay persons (especially undergraduates), results in important omissions (e.g. ‘capricious’, ‘censorious’ etc).
Simple correlations do not capture full complexity of relationships between terms: e.g. wittiness intelligence
Arbitrary choice of 6 facets per factor.
Some important factors not represented e.g. narcissism.

Question 16

Block criticism: single word

Answer 16

Single words insufficient to describe all aspects of personality: sentences and paragraphs needed

Question 17

Block criticism: syymetrical correlation

Answer 17

Nature of correlation: symmetrical relationship between words isn’t always the case i.e., intelligence and witty correlate but that’s not symmetrical wittiness implies intelligence, but if your intelligent not always witty  not captured in a factor analysis

Question 18

OCEAN discussion
strengths

Answer 18

cross-cultural stability of factors = Thalmayer & Saucier (2014): measurement invariance across 26 nations.
evidence for biological basis = Čukić & Bates (2014): openness associated with increased ANS activation at rest.
The most widely-used model of personality.

Question 19

ALternative big 5: Zuckerman

Answer 19

Zuckerman’s model made using factor analysis but analysis was applied to variables in Eysenck’s theory so different to those derived from lexical hypothesis
1) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
2) aggression-hostility
3) activity
4) socialbility
5) Neuroticism-anxiety

Question 20

HEXACO: Lee and Ashton

Answer 20

5 factors that map to Costa and McCraig  6th factor = honestly and humility addresses missing characteristics
Honesty-Humility
Emotionality
eXtraversion
Agreeableness (versus Anger)
Conscientiousness
Openness to Experience