28 Sleep Flashcards
Retinal ganglion cells are inhibited by:
And stimulated by:
ambient light
darkness
Retinal ganglion cells contain the photopigment:
melanopsin
Retinal ganglion cells fire off electrical signals that travel to:
When then activates:
the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Paraventricular Nucleus
What causes melatonin release?
PVN (sympathetic nucleus) activates neurons in the intermediolateral gray zone of the upper spinal cord –> modulate neurons in the superior cervical ganglia –> pineal gland (to synth)
Freq >13 Hz
beta
Freq = 8-13 Hz
alpha
Freq = 4-7 Hz
theta
Freq <4 Hz
delta
Non-REM
stages 1-4
Lightest sleep
stage 1
Deepest sleep
stage 4
Sleep spindles + K complexes ocur
stage 2
Stage 5 =
REM sleep
The duration of stages __ and __ sleep last longer early in the sleep cycle.
3, 4
Duration and frequency increases toward the morning or waking hours.
REM
How many cycles of NREM and REM sleep during a 7-8 hour sleep period?
5-6
Amount of REM sleep needed (increases/decreases) with age
decr
Eye movements in NREM?
slow, rolling
Muscle tone in NREM?
decr, but movements still can occur
Vitals and metabolism in NREM?
decr
Dreams in NREM?
less vivid, low emotional content
Eye movements in REM?
rapid, ballistic
Muscle tone in REM?
paralysis
Vitals and metabolism in REM?
approach wake level
Dreams in REM?
vivd, bizarre, strong emotional content
Sleep walking and night terrors occur during:
NREM (III, IV)
Penile erection occurs during:
REM
Brainstem nuclei incr in wake/arousal and decr in NREM?
- PPT and LDT
- locus ceruleus
- sub. nigra
- raphe nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei incr in wake/arousal and decr in NREM?
- tuberomamillary
- lateral hypothalamic
Nucleus which harbors GABAergic neurons and Galanin neurons both of which innervate and inhibit all of the nuclei involved in arousal?
ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)
Activation of the VLPO causes:
decreased forebrain arousal leading to the onset and progression of NREM sleep through its four stages.
Lesion of the VLPO causes:
insomnia
NT of PPT and LDT?
ACh
NT of locus ceruleus?
NE
NT of raphe nuclei?
DA
NT of tuberomamillary nuclei?
Histamine
NT of lateral hypothalamic nuclei?
orexin/hypocretin
Hypothalamic nuclei decr in wake/arousal?
VLPO
NT for VLPO?
GABA/galanin
Responsible for the paralysis associated with REM sleep?
on-actvation of medullary brainstem areas –> glycine inh of ant horn cells in spinal cord
REM-ON cells?
PPT, LDT
REM-OFF cells?
locus ceruleus
How do somnogens induce sleep?
build up during wakefulness –> promote sleep
3 known somnogens:
adenosine (levels decline during sleep)
cytokines (TNF, IL-1beta)
melatonin
Sleep apnea:
duration of apneic periods?
% of desat?
> 10s
>4%
Signs/symptoms of narcolepsy?
- daytime sleep attacks
- cataplexy
- persistent REM atonia after waking
- hypnagogic hallucinations
Pathophys of narcolepsy?
loss of orexin/hypocretin secreting neurons in the post lateral hypothalamus (low CSF hypocretin-1 levels)
Primary REM sleep behavior disorder may be associateed with:
alpha synucleinopathies (PAD, Lewy body dementia, etc)
