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Biology revision > 2.8 + 8.2 Respiration > Flashcards

2.8 + 8.2 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cell respiration

A

CELL RESPIRATION: controlled release of E from organic compounds to produce ATP

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2
Q

Types of cell respiration

A
  1. Aerobic: uses O2 to completely break down glucose in mitochondria to produce larger ATP yield
  2. Anaerobic: without O2 , partial breakdown of glucose in cytosol for smaller ATP yield
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3
Q

Main organic compounds used in respiration

A
  1. Carbohydrates (main) - the only in anaerobic
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
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4
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A
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5
Q

Describe ATP

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • high E molecule which functions as an immediate source of power for cells
  • when ATP is hydrolised - ADP + Pi - E released from the phosphate bond (exergonic)
  • E stored in organic molecules repairs ATP from ADP and Pi (in oxidation)
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6
Q

Define glycolysis

A

GLYCOLYSIS: anaerobic breakdown of glucose in cytosol (both in aerobic and anaerobic respiration)

6C => 3C + 3C (two pyruvates) + 2NADH + 4ATP

(4 produced but 2 used - net 2ATP produced)

First reaction in glycolysis - endergonic - coupled with exergonic hydrolysis of ATP

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7
Q

Anaerobic sequence after glycolysis

A
  • in animals: pyruvate => lactate (toxic)
  • in plants/yeast: pyruvate => ethanol (toxic) and CO2

No further production of ATP beyond glycolysis if no O2

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8
Q

Purpose of anaerobic respiration

A
  • in plants/yeast: to restock NAD+ - needed for glycolysis to produce ATP
  • in animals: high activity - high e demand - too little O2 - to maximise ATP production - anaerobic respiration - stop exercise - lactate converted to pyruvate

Conversion of pyruvate to lactate/ethanol and CO2 - reversible - pyruvate levels can be restored if O2 present -> aerobic respiration

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9
Q

Generalised stages of aerobic respiration

A
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10
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses in industries

A

Anaeroobic respiration = fermentation

  • food industry
  • bioethanol: renewable e source
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11
Q

Define respirometer

A

RESPIROMETER: device which determines an organism’s respiration rate by measuring O2 and CO2 exchange rate

  • sealed container
  • CO2 absorbant (alkali/)
  • O2 consumption measured by change in pressure within the system - moves water in U-tube
  • controlled variables: time, temperature, hydration, light (plants), age, activity levels
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12
Q

Glycolysis vs aerobic respiration sites in cell

A
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13
Q

Can ATP be transported

A

No, not transferred from cell to cell - requires continuous supply

ATP in cell is immediate;y available for use

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14
Q

Uses of ATP in cells

A
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15
Q

Waste product of ATP conversion

A

HEAT

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16
Q

Aerobic vs anaerobic comparison

A
17
Q

Aerobic respiration overview (steps, ATP release, NADH, cell locations)

A
18
Q

Define phosphorylation, in ATP, opposite

A

PHOSPHORYLATION: attachment of phoshoryl group

Phosphorylation makes molecules less stable -> ATP reactive molecule that contains high E bonds

Opposite to phosphorylation - hydrolysis - phosphate group breaks off from ATP to form ADP, Pi + E

19
Q

ATP synthesis pathways

A
  1. From solar E - photosyntheis oncverts light E into chemical E - stored in ATP
  2. Oxidative processes - cell respiration breaks down organic compounds - chemical E stored in ATP
20
Q

Breakdown of organic compounds

A

Breakdown of sugars - linekd processes - in steps

ADV.:

  • lower activation E for each reaction
  • released E not lost - transferred to activated carrier molecules via redox reactions
21
Q

Redox reactions in respiration

A

when organic compounds broken - E transferred in redox reactions - transfer of e/H+/O

22
Q

Hydrogen/electron carrier molecules

A

Carrier molecules - carry H+ - gain H+ - organic compounds undergo oxidation

  • transport H+/e to mitochondrion cristae - ETC use energy transferred to synthesise ATP
  • this requires oxygen - final e acceptor - only aerobic respiration can generate ATP from hydrogen carriers => hence aerobic respiration yields in higher ATP
23
Q

Intermediate steps of glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation: hexose phosphorylated by 2ATP -> hexose biphosphate complex - makes the molecule less stable - more reactive, prevents diffusion out of cell
  2. Lysis: hexose biphosphate split into 2 triose phosphates (pyruvates)
  3. Oxidation: H are removed from each pyruvates to reduce 2NAD+ to 2NADH
  4. ATP formation: some E used to synthesise 2ATP from each pyruvate (4ATP total) in substrate level phsophorylation
24
Q

Transition from glycolysis to Kreb’s cycle in aerobic respiration

A

LINK REACTIONS: pyruvate transported to mitochondria - links products of glycolysis with aerobic processes in mitochondria

  1. Carrier proteins in mitoch membrane transport pyruvate from cytosol into mitoch matrix
  2. Pyruvate loses 1C - decarboxylation - forms CO2
  3. 2C loses H in oxidation - NAD+ reduced to NADH - 2C forms acetyl group
  4. Acetyl combines with coenzyme A => acetyl CoA complex
25
Q

Steps of Kreb’s cycle

A

Second stage of aerobic respiration - Kreb’s/citric acid/tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in mitochondrion matrix

  1. CoA transfers 2C (acetyl) to 4C (oxaloacetate) compound => 6C (citrate) - CoA released - return to link reaction
  2. Decarboxylation - 6C (citrate) CO2 released + udergoes oxidation - NAD+ reduced to NADH - 5C (α-ketoglutarate)
  3. decarboxylation - 5C (α-ketoglutarate) CO2 released + phosphorylation - 1ATP produced, lose H - oxidation - NADH+ reduced to NADH => 4C (succinate)
  4. 4C (succinate) oxidised - FAD2+ reduced to FADH2 => 4C lost 2H (malate)
  5. 4C (malate) oxidation - NAD+ reduced to NADH => 4C lost H (oxoloacetate) => CYCLE AGAIN
26
Q

Products per glucose molecule in Kreb’s cycle

A

Each NADH produces 3ATP at ETC

Each FADH2 produces 2ATP at ETC

27
Q

Half equations of NAD+, FAD+ reduction

A

NAD+ + H+ + 2e- -> NADH

FAD2+ + 2H+ + 2e- -> FADH2

28
Q

Anatomy of ETC

A

ETC in inner mitochondrial membrane - cristae - increases SA for ETC

Components:

  • electron carriers/proton pumps => ETC
  • ATP synthase
  • inner mitoch membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • matrix
29
Q

Mitochondria anatomy

A
  • cristae: projections of inner membrane - increase SA available fo oxidative phosphorylation
  • ribosome DNA: expression of mitochondrial genes
  • matrix: enzyms for Krreb’s and link reaction
  • inner mitoch memebrane: ETC chains and ATP synthase to produce ATP
  • outer mitoch membrane: separate contents of mitoch from the cell, creates intermembrane space
  • intermembrane space: small so H conc builds up quickkly - H pumped into it from matrix by transmembrane proteins
30
Q

ETC processes

A

Last stage of aerobic respiration => oxidative phosphorylation - oxidation of H carriers (NAHD, FADH2) gives off E for ATP production

  1. Generating proton motive force: NADH and FADH oxidised - high E e and H released - e transferred to ETC - e pass throigh transmembrane proteins in ETC - lose E which is used to pump H+ from matrix against conc gradient - electrochemical gradient created (proton motive froce)
  2. ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis: proton motive force causes H+ to ove back along conc gradient back into matrix - diffusion or H+ - chemiosmosis - facilitated by transmembrane protein - ATP synthase - as H+ move into matrix - trigger molecular rotation of ATP synthase - ATP synthesis
  3. Reduction of oxygen: for ETC to keep functioning - de-energised e must be removed - O2 final acceptor of e - prevents ETC from blocking - 0.5 O2 also binds free protons to form water - keeps H gradient = if not O2 - e cannot be transffered from ETC - blocks
31
Q

Summary of oxidative phosphorylation

A
32
Q

smth splitting of H and e in NADH

A
33
Q

Images of mitochondria

A

Electron tomography used - cristae, membranes

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