1.6 Cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

Phases of cell division

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase

Metaphase

Aanaphase

Telophase

  1. Cytokinesis
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2
Q

Interphase

A

Interphase: growth and production of organelles (the longest phase)

DNA replication - protein synthesis, number of organeeles increase

G1: growth, metabolism, contents duplicated (except chromosomes)

S: DNA replication - chromosomes duplicated

G2: growth, DNA checked for mutations, metabolism begins

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3
Q

Define mitosis

A

MITOSIS: division of the nucleus

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4
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

CYTOKINESIS: division of the cell

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5
Q

Cytokinesis

A

CYTOKINESIS: occurs after mitosis - different in animals/plants

ANIMALS: membrane pulled inwards - cleavage furrow - accomplished by contractile proteins (actin, myosin) at the equator - pinches apart -> two cells

PLANTS: vesicles are moved to equator - fuse - form tubular structure - form two membranes - petins brought in by vesicles are deposited by exocytosis - lamella - bring cellulose - new cell wall

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

MITOSIS: asexual reproduction, growth, repair, cloning

P - chromosomes supercoil
M - microtubules grow, nuclear envelop breaks down, line at equator
A - spindle fibres contract and pull chromatids apart
T - chromatids in poles, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle disappears

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7
Q

Cyclins

A

CYCLINS: group of proteins involved in control of the cell cycle (division)

Cyclins bind to enzyme-depedent kinases - active - attach phosphate to cell proteins - activates other proteins - procede in mitosis

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8
Q

Mitotic index

A

MITOTIC INDEX: shows the ration between cells in mitosis and total number of cells

Can be used to determine tumor development

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9
Q

Tumor

A

TUMOR: abnormal group of cells which are cancerous

BENIGN: not harmful, don’t invade other tissues

MALIGNANT: life threatening, spread to other tissues/organs - secondary tumors

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10
Q

Cancer

A

CANCER: disease caused by malignant tumors

CAUSES: carcinogens (chemicals, agents, viruses), mutagens (cause genetic mutations: chemicals, high E radiation - x-rays, UV)

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11
Q

Cancer mutations

A

ONCOGENS: genes that can become cancer-causing after mutating, usually invovled in control of cell cycle, division -> results in uncontrolled cell division (tumor)

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12
Q

Smoking and cancer

A

SMOKING: positive correlation between number of cigarettes and cancer cases (affects lungs, esophagus, stomach, kidney, bladder, pancreas) - carcinogens in smoke

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