27.1 🤓 Flashcards
The process of that involves the physical or chemical of materials on Earth’s surface
Weathering
A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life
Soil
The remove of surface material through the process of weathering.
Erosion
When rocks weather, erosion agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity, move eroded materials from one place to another.
Sediment transport
When the erosion agent slows down or melts, it drops a sediment load called
Deposition
When the land area gathers water for a major river called a rivers..
Drainage basin
What is the movement of water parallel to the shoreline?
Long-shore current
What is weathering?
The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface
Do rocks weather at the same rate?
No
What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?
Rock Type, Landscape
What are the two types of weathering?
Mechanical and chemical weathering
What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?
Physical changes
What type of change happens with chemical weathering?
Chemical changes
What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?
Oxygen and Water
What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?
The process is called oxidation
What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?
Hydrolysis
What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?
Frost wedging, Biological Activity, and collisions
What causes biological activity?
Plants and animals
What causes weathering during collisions?
When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers
What is soil?
A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting life
What is parent material?
Where soil comes from
What are soil horizons?
How many soil horizons are there?
True or false? All soils contain every soil horizon
What are the specific soil horizons?
What does the first soil horizon contain?
What is the second horizon mostly made up of?
Which layer does leaching occur?
Which horizon collects materials from previous horzions?
Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?
Which layer is unweathered bedrock?
Which soil horizons make up topsoil?
Which soil horizon make up the subsoil?
What causes frost wedging?
When water collects in the cracks of water then freezes-After a number of cycles it can break the rock into 2
What causes weathering during collisions
When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of materials
Erosion is the removal of surface material
When the slope of a river decreases what happens to the rivers speed?
It also decreases
What are small streams called that flow into larger rivers?
Tributaries
What the land area called that gathers water for a major river?
drainage basin
What is the boundary called that seperates distinct drainage basins?
Drainage divide
As water flows downhill due to gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating what?
channels
Due to the fast movement of water, young rivers are?
V-shaped
Rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes are called?
Mature Rivers
When rivers flood and drop there sediment load which type of land form is created?
Flood Pains
A fan shaped sediment deposit that forms from the mouth of a river is called?
Delta rivers
What are Distributaries?
Branching channels
What forms from the mouth of a river that enters dry land
Alluvial fans
What are the two types of glaciers?
Valley glaciers and continental glaciers
Where do valley glaciers form?
high mountainous regions
Where do continental glaciers form?
colder climates and occupy large land areas
Where are the two continental glaciers located
greenland and antartica
What is a cirque
bowl shaped basins
What is an arete?
forms where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline
what is a horn in a mountainous region?
sharpened peaks
what shape of a valley do valley glaciers form?
they create u shaped valleys
What are tributary glaciers?
small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers
What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?
hanging valleys
Which side of the dune does erosion occur?
The windward
Which side does deposition occur?
the leeward side
What is the removal of small particles by wind by leaving heavy particles behind?
deflation
What is it called when small particles are removed, the remaining surface is called
desert pavement
Due to wind what does the shape and sizes of landforms depend on?
Wind speed, amount of time the wind blows and sediment supply
What are 3 land forms created by erosion?
Coastal cliff, sea stacks, and sea arches
What are 2 land forms created from wind deposition
sand bars and sand spits
What are sand bars
Land forms that are parallel to the shoreline
What are sandspits
Sandbars that extend into the water from lang and curve back toward land in a hook shape
What are some things that cause mass wasting?
snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity
Mass wasting examples
Rock slides, mudflows, and landslides
The process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
Infiltration
The upper boundary of the saturated zone is called?
Water table
What is a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space?
Aquifer
The percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space is called?
porosity
The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event.
Absolute dating
The process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time.
Relative dating
What states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past?
Uniformitarianism
What principle states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rock will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom?
The principle of superpostition
Gap in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent?
Unconformities
The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record are called?
fossils
What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?
97% is salt water
What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?
3%
Where is the majority of freshwater found?
2% is found in glaciers
Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?
1% is found in lakes, rivers and found as ground water
What is precipitation?
Rain, snow, sleet, hail, and ect..
What is runoff?
Water running off the land surface
What is infiltration?
The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface
What is transpiration?
When pants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
What is evaporation?
When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
What is condensation?
When water vapor collides with other vapor molecules to form water droplets, eventually the water droplets are heavy enough to fall as precipitation.
What is the water cycle?
The water cycle is where water from the land enters the atmosphere and eventually returns back to land. q
What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?
A porous area where water easily passes through
What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?
Beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the power space
What is a water table?
The upper boundary of the saturated zone
What does it mean if sediment is permeable?
The more permeable it is the easier water allows to pass through
What is an aquifer?
A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer
The Great Plains Aquifer is knows as the Ogallala Aquifer
How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?
The Ogallala Aquifer runs through 8 states
What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New mexico, and Texas
What is an aquitard?
A layer of sediment that doesnt allow water to pass through
How are water springs formed?
Where water table naturally meets earths surface
What is an artesian well?
Wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
Form when an aquifer is sandwiched between aquitards
Pressure causes water to flow up into the well
What is a cone of depression?
The direction that the water flows created a cone of depression
Absolute Dating
The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object or event
Relative Dating
The process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
Uniformitarianism
States that the laws of nature operate today as they have int he past
Principle of superposition
States that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom
Unconformity
gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
