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Physical Science > 27.1 🤓 > Flashcards

27.1 🤓 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The process of that involves the physical or chemical of materials on Earth’s surface

A

Weathering

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2
Q

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

Soil

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3
Q

The remove of surface material through the process of weathering.

A

Erosion

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4
Q

When rocks weather, erosion agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity, move eroded materials from one place to another.

A

Sediment transport

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5
Q

When the erosion agent slows down or melts, it drops a sediment load called

A

Deposition

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6
Q

When the land area gathers water for a major river called a rivers..

A

Drainage basin

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7
Q

What is the movement of water parallel to the shoreline?

A

Long-shore current

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8
Q

What is weathering?

A

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface

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9
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock Type, Landscape

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11
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical and chemical weathering

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12
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical changes

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13
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

Oxygen and Water

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15
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

The process is called oxidation

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16
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

Hydrolysis

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17
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost wedging, Biological Activity, and collisions

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18
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

Plants and animals

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19
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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20
Q

What is soil?

A

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting life

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21
Q

What is parent material?

A

Where soil comes from

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22
Q

What are soil horizons?

A
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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A
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24
Q

True or false? All soils contain every soil horizon

A
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25
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A
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26
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A
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27
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A
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28
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A
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29
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horzions?

A
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30
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A
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31
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A
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32
Q

Which soil horizons make up topsoil?

A
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33
Q

Which soil horizon make up the subsoil?

A
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34
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

When water collects in the cracks of water then freezes-After a number of cycles it can break the rock into 2

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35
Q

What causes weathering during collisions

A

When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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36
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of materials

Erosion is the removal of surface material

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37
Q

When the slope of a river decreases what happens to the rivers speed?

A

It also decreases

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38
Q

What are small streams called that flow into larger rivers?

A

Tributaries

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39
Q

What the land area called that gathers water for a major river?

A

drainage basin

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40
Q

What is the boundary called that seperates distinct drainage basins?

A

Drainage divide

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41
Q

As water flows downhill due to gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating what?

A

channels

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42
Q

Due to the fast movement of water, young rivers are?

A

V-shaped

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43
Q

Rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes are called?

A

Mature Rivers

44
Q

When rivers flood and drop there sediment load which type of land form is created?

A

Flood Pains

45
Q

A fan shaped sediment deposit that forms from the mouth of a river is called?

A

Delta rivers

46
Q

What are Distributaries?

A

Branching channels

47
Q

What forms from the mouth of a river that enters dry land

A

Alluvial fans

48
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley glaciers and continental glaciers

49
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

high mountainous regions

50
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

colder climates and occupy large land areas

51
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located

A

greenland and antartica

52
Q

What is a cirque

A

bowl shaped basins

53
Q

What is an arete?

A

forms where 2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long, sharp ridgeline

54
Q

what is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

sharpened peaks

55
Q

what shape of a valley do valley glaciers form?

A

they create u shaped valleys

56
Q

What are tributary glaciers?

A

small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers

57
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

hanging valleys

58
Q

Which side of the dune does erosion occur?

A

The windward

59
Q

Which side does deposition occur?

A

the leeward side

60
Q

What is the removal of small particles by wind by leaving heavy particles behind?

A

deflation

61
Q

What is it called when small particles are removed, the remaining surface is called

A

desert pavement

62
Q

Due to wind what does the shape and sizes of landforms depend on?

A

Wind speed, amount of time the wind blows and sediment supply

63
Q

What are 3 land forms created by erosion?

A

Coastal cliff, sea stacks, and sea arches

64
Q

What are 2 land forms created from wind deposition

A

sand bars and sand spits

65
Q

What are sand bars

A

Land forms that are parallel to the shoreline

66
Q

What are sandspits

A

Sandbars that extend into the water from lang and curve back toward land in a hook shape

67
Q

What are some things that cause mass wasting?

A

snow, heavy rains, earthquakes, or human activity

68
Q

Mass wasting examples

A

Rock slides, mudflows, and landslides

69
Q

The process by which water enters earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

A

Infiltration

70
Q

The upper boundary of the saturated zone is called?

A

Water table

71
Q

What is a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space?

A

Aquifer

72
Q

The percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space is called?

A

porosity

73
Q

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event.

A

Absolute dating

74
Q

The process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time.

A

Relative dating

75
Q

What states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past?

A

Uniformitarianism

76
Q

What principle states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rock will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom?

A

The principle of superpostition

77
Q

Gap in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent?

A

Unconformities

78
Q

The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record are called?

A

fossils

79
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is salt water?

A

97% is salt water

80
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

81
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

2% is found in glaciers

82
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

1% is found in lakes, rivers and found as ground water

83
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Rain, snow, sleet, hail, and ect..

84
Q

What is runoff?

A

Water running off the land surface

85
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

86
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When pants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

87
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

88
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor collides with other vapor molecules to form water droplets, eventually the water droplets are heavy enough to fall as precipitation.

89
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

The water cycle is where water from the land enters the atmosphere and eventually returns back to land. q

90
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

A porous area where water easily passes through

91
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

Beneath the unsaturated zone, where water completely fills the power space

92
Q

What is a water table?

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

93
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

The more permeable it is the easier water allows to pass through

94
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

95
Q

What is the name of the Great Plains Aquifer

A

The Great Plains Aquifer is knows as the Ogallala Aquifer

96
Q

How many states does the Great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

The Ogallala Aquifer runs through 8 states

97
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer runs through?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New mexico, and Texas

98
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

A layer of sediment that doesnt allow water to pass through

99
Q

How are water springs formed?

A

Where water table naturally meets earths surface

100
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

Wells drilled into pressurized aquifers
Form when an aquifer is sandwiched between aquitards
Pressure causes water to flow up into the well

101
Q

What is a cone of depression?

A

The direction that the water flows created a cone of depression

102
Q

Absolute Dating

A

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object or event

103
Q

Relative Dating

A

The process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

104
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

States that the laws of nature operate today as they have int he past

105
Q

Principle of superposition

A

States that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks will be at the bottom

106
Q

Unconformity

A

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

Physical Science (9 decks)

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