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IB Biology > 2.7 DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

2.7 DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the replication of DNA depend on?

A

Complementary base pairing

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2
Q

What does helicase do to DNA?

A

Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands

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3
Q

How does helicase unwind the double helix?

A

By breaking hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template

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5
Q

What is an Okazaki fragment?

A

DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication

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6
Q

What keeps an unwound DNA strand apart?

A

Single-strand binding proteins

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7
Q

What are RNA primers?

A

Short segments of RNA (10 nucleotides long) formed by primase

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8
Q

What is the purpose of RNA primers?

A

Must bind to DNA segments to begin replication

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9
Q

What does primase do?

A

Primase forms the short segments of RNA needed by RNA primer

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10
Q

In which directions do DNA strands grow?

A

5’ to 3’

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11
Q

What does the 3’ end of DNA contain?

A

Hydroxyl

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12
Q

What does the 5’ end of DNA contain?

A

Phosphate

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13
Q

What binds to unzipped DNA?

A

Free nucleotides (Nucleoside triphosphates)

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14
Q

What catalyzes the nucleotide binding process?

A

DNA Polymerase

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15
Q

Where does DNA polymerase elongate?

A

The 3’ end

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16
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

The catalyse of free nucleotides binding to DNA

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17
Q

What are the two strands during DNA nucleotide-binding?

A

The leading strand and the lagging strand

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18
Q

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction?

A

Produces large quantities of DNA

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19
Q

What are the three steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction?

A

Occurs in a thermal cycler through:

Denaturation, annealing, and elongation

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20
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Takes a message from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm

21
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

rRNA and proteins make up ribosomes where proteins are synthesized

22
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

tRNA transfers a particular amino acid to a ribosome

23
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase

24
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

25
Q

What are the steps of transcription? (1-3)

A
  1. RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter on DNA
  2. Transcription factor is needed for polymerase to bind to DNA
  3. Complementary RNA nucleotides pair with DNA nucleotides of the strand
26
Q

What are the steps of transcription? (4-5)

A
  1. RNA polymerase covalently bonds RNA nucleotides

5. Terminator sequence causes RNA polymerase to stop transcribing DNA, and to release mRNA

27
Q

What do spliceosomes do?

A

Remove introns from DNA

28
Q

What is an exon?

A

The part of DNA that will be expressed

29
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three sequential bases on mRNA that correspond to one amino acid

30
Q

What is genetic code made of?

A

mRNA triplets(codons)

31
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

32
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

33
Q

How many start codons are there? Stop codons?

A

One start, three stop

34
Q

What is translation?

A

The synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes

35
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Takes place in cytoplasm

36
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids

37
Q

What does translation depend on?

A

The complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA

38
Q

What is translated during translation?

A

Nucleic acids are translated to proteins

39
Q

What are the steps of translation?

A
  1. Chain Initiation
  2. Chain Elongation
  3. Chain Termination
40
Q

What is Chain initiation?

A
  1. A small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA start codon

2. First tRNA pairs with this codon and large ribosome subunit attaches to smaller ribosome subunit

41
Q

What is required to bring together necessary components during translation?

A

Initiation proteins

42
Q

What is Chain Elongation?

A
  1. New tRNA arrives at A site

2. Amino acid at P site is attached by a peptide bond to the newly arrived amino acid

43
Q

What catalyzes Chain Elongation?

A

Larger ribosome’s ribozyme

44
Q

What is translocation?

A

When tRNA moves from site A to P in translation

45
Q

What is Chain Termination?

A
  1. Occurs at stop codon that does not code for amino acid

2. Release factor protein binds to stop codon

46
Q

What are polyribosomes?

A

Clusters of several ribosomes synthesizing the same protein

47
Q

In what way is DNA replicated?

A

Semi-conservative

48
Q

What does conservative replication look like?

A

One old DNA, and one new DNA

49
Q

What does dispersive DNA look like?

A

Chunks of new and old DNA for each new strand

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