2.7 Flashcards
Axial Position
Location in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which there is another atom at 180 degree angle and the equatorial positions are at a 90 degree angle
Bond Angle
Angle between any two covalent bonds that share a common atom
Bonding orbital
Molecular orbital located between two nuclei; electrons in a bonding orbital stabilize a molecule
Electron-pair geometry
Arrangment around a central atom of all regions of electron density
Equatorial position
One of the three positions in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with 120 degree angles between them; the axial positions are located at a 90 degree angle
Hybrid Orbital
Orbital created by combining atomic orbitals on a central atom
Hybridization
Model that describes thee changes in the atomic orbitals of an atom when it forms a covalent compound
Hypervalent Molecule
Molecule containing at least one main group element that has more than eight electrons in its valence shell
Lewis Structure
Diagram showing lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons in a molecule or an ion
Linear
Shape in which two outside groups are placed on opposite sides of a central atom
Linear combination of atomic orbitals
Technique for combining atomic orbitals to create Molecular orbitals
Lone Pair
Two Valence electrons that are not used to form a covalent bond
Molecular Orbital
Region of space in which an electron has a high probability of being found in a molecule
Molecular Orbital Diagram
Visual representation of the relative energy levels of molecular orbitals
Molecular Orbital Theory
Model that describes the behavior of electrons delocalized throughout a molecule in terms of the combination of atomic wave functions
Molecular Structure
Arrangement of atoms in a molecule or ion; structure that includes only the placement of the atoms in the molecule
Node
Plane separating different lobes of orbitals, where the probability of finding an electron is zero
Octahedral
Shape in which six outside groups are placed around a central atom such that a three-dimensional shape is generated with four groups forming a square and the other two forming the apex of two pyramids, one above and one below the square plane
Octet Tule
Guideline that states main group atoms will for structures in which eight valence electrons interact with each nucleus, counting bonding electrons as interacting with both atoms connected by a bond
Overlap
Coexistence of orbitals from two different atoms sharing the same region of space, leading to the formation of a covalent bond
Pi Bond
Covalent bond formed by side-by-side overlap of atomic orbitals; the electron density is found on opposite sides of the internuclear axis
Polar Covalent bond
Covalent bond between atoms of different electronegativities; a covalent a covalent bond with a positive end and a negative end
Polar Molecule
Molecule with an overall dipole moment
Pure covalent bond
Covalent bond between atoms of identical electronegativities
Resonance
Situation in which one Lewis structure is insufficient to describe the bonding in a molecule and the average of multiple structures is observed
Sigma Bond
Covalent bond formed by overlap of atomic orbitals along the internuclear axis
Single Bond
Bond in which a single pair of electrons is shared between two atoms
sp Hybrid Orbital
One of the set of two orbitals with a linear arrangement that results from combining one s and one p orbitals
sp2 Hybrid orbital
One of a set of three orbitals with a trigonal planar arrangement that results from combining one s and two p orbitals
sp3 Hybrid Orbital
One of a set of four orbitals with a tetrahedral arrangement that results from combining one s and three p orbitals
Tetrahedral
Shape in which four outside groups are placed around a central atom such that a three-dimensional shape is generated with four corned and 109.5 degrees between each pair and the central atom
Trigonal Bipyramidal
Shape in which five outside groups are placed around a central atom such that three form a flat triangle with 120 degree angles between each pair and the central atom, and the other two forms the apex of two pyramids, one above and one below the triangular plane
Trigonal Planar
Shape in which three outside groups are placed in a flat triangle around a central atom with 120 degrees between each pair and the central atom
Triple Bond
Bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
Valence Bond Theory
Description of bonding that involves atomic orbitals overlapping to form sigma or pi bong=ds, within which pairs of electrons are shared
Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
Theory used to predict the bond angles in a molecule based on positioning regions of high electron density as far apart as possible to minimize electrostatic repulsion
