2.6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

Question 1

● reverse of the esterification reaction by which it was formed, requires the presence of an acid or a base

Answer 1

Hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol)

Question 2

● the hydrolysis products are glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 2

under acidic conditions

Question 3

● the hydrolysis products are glycerols and fatty acid salts

Answer 3

Under Basic Conditions

Question 4

● Within the human body, triacylglycerol hydrolysis occurs during the process of __________

Answer 4

Digestion

Question 4

● situations where all three fatty acids are removed, the hydrolysis process is referred to as __________

Answer 4

complete hydrolysis

Question 5

● If one or more of the fatty acid residues remains attached to the glycerol, the hydrolysis process is called __________

Answer 5

partial hydrolysis

Question 6

● reaction carried out in an alkaline

Answer 6

basic) solution (Saponification

Question 7

● For fats and oils, the products of saponification are __________ and __________

Answer 7

glycerol and fatty acids salts

Question 8

● The overall reaction of triacylglycerol saponification can be thought of as occurring in two steps. The first step is the ________ and The second step involves a reaction between the __________

Answer 8

hydrolysis of the ester linkages to produce glycerol and three fatty acid molecule; fatty acid molecules and the base (usually NaOH) in the alkaline solution. This is an acid–base reaction that produces water plus salts

Question 9

● the process by which soap was made in pioneer times

Answer 9

Saponification of animal fat)

Question 10

● The cleansing action of soap is related to the structure of the ________ present in the fatty acid salts of soap and the fact that these ions readily participate in micelle formation

Answer 10

● (carboxylate ions )

Question 10

● is a spherical cluster of molecules in which the polar portions of the molecules are on the surface, and the nonpolar portions are located in the interior

Answer 10

Micelle

Question 11

● involves hydrogen addition across carbon–carbon multiple bonds, which increases the degree of saturation as some double bonds are converted to single bonds. With this change, there is a corresponding increase in the melting point of the substance

Answer 11

Hydrogenation)

Question 12

● Concern has arisen about food products obtained from hydrogenation processes because the hydrogenation process itself converts some cis double bonds within fatty acid residues into trans double bonds, producing _____________

Answer 12

trans unsaturated fatty acids

Question 13

● The short-chain aldehydes and carboxylic acids so produced often have objectionable odors, and fats and oils containing them are said to have become rancid. To avoid this unwanted oxidation process, commercially prepared foods containing fats and oils nearly always contain_________

Answer 13

antioxidants

Question 14

● The carbon–carbon double bonds present in the fatty acid residues of a triacylglycerol are subject to oxidation with molecular oxygen (from air) as the oxidizing agent. Such oxidation breaks these bonds, producing both __________________

Answer 14

● aldehyde and carboxylic acid products

Question 15

One molecule of a fat or oil, upon complete hydrolysis, produces how many product molecules?

Answer 15

• Four

Question 16

Triacylglycerol hydrolysis associated with the human digestive process most often produces which of the following?

Answer 16

• A monoacylglycerol

Question 17

Which of the following are the expected products when a fat undergoes saponification

Answer 17

• Glycerol and fatty acid salts

Question 18

Unwanted production of trans fat is associated with which of the following types of triacylglycerol reactions?

Answer 18

• Hydrogenation

Question 19

The effect of partial hydrogenation of a fat or oil is which of the following?

Answer 19

• decrease in the degree of fatty acid unsaturation

Question 20

In the oxidation of fats and oils, which structural part of the molecule is attacked by the oxidizing agent?

Answer 20

• carbon-carbon double bonds