25. Sleep and EEG

Question 1

the bodys clock is located in the suprachiasmatic ?

Answer 1

nucleus (SCN)

*strong gene component

Question 2

Clock CLK gene with no circadian rhythm and BMAL1 (increases at night) increase transcription/tranlation of period genes 1,2,3 and cryptochrome genes 1/2 which will continue on to do what to CLK and BMAL1?

Answer 2

inhibit the action of them

Question 3

So during the night, BMAL/CLOCK rise and shortly after so do CRY/PER, and then during the day the BMAL CLOCK decrease first and then?

Answer 3

CRY/PER = circadiam rhythm

Question 4

What is the cause of morning and night people?

Answer 4

CLK gene mutation

Question 5

The SCN creates days that are 25 hours long and we match our active / inactive periods to day and night cycle of external envrionment HOW?

Answer 5

Retinohypothalamic tract

Question 6

Light / Dark information using different receptos like melanopsin in the eyes travel via the direct relay retino- hypothalamic tract and goes to the brain where glutamine is released for _______ and melatonin is released for ______…

Answer 6

Glutamine = light = day
melatonin = dark = night

Question 7

During day, RHT to SCN inhibit pineal gland and at night the pineal gland is not inhibited d/t lack of glutatmine and it releases?

Answer 7

melatonin to sign night/dark

Question 8

An EEG is the summated action potentials of millions of neurons in the human brain, usually low voltage, high frequency and differes over different parts of the?

Answer 8

brain

Question 9

EEG changes with activity, arousal/awareness, sensory input, most of the time being no distinct pattern; clear patters are often considered?

Answer 9

pathological

Question 10

What are the normal waves?
A
B
G
Theta and?

Answer 10

Delta

Question 11

What waves have the following characteristics?
8-13Hz (cycles per second)
50uvolts (small)
Occur during quiet wakefullness (thinking) WITH EYES CLOSED

Answer 11

Alpha waves

Question 12

Alpha waves are most prevalent in the OCCIPITAL cortex and disappear during sleep. Origin: requires connection between thalamus and cortex, GABAergic neurons FORCE coordination of neuronal activity; feedback oscillation between the thalamus and what creates waves?

Answer 12

thalamus and cortex

Question 13

What waves have the following characteristics?
14-80Hz
<50uvolts
Occur during alert wakefullness with EYES OPEN

Answer 13

Beta waves

Question 14

What is it called when the eyes are opened, alpha waves cease, beta waves begin and persist as long as alert?

Answer 14

Alpha block or alerting response

Question 15

Beta waves are most prevelant in the front and parietal cortex and have an origin the same as alpha, sensory inputs do what to the oscillation?

Answer 15

Disrupt

Question 16

What waves have the following characteristics?
30-80Hz
occur when individual is aroused or focused
especially prominent when planning motor response
require hippocampus maybe

Answer 16

Gamma waves

Question 17

What waves have the following characteristics?
4-7Hz
100 uvolts
normal in children, over parietal/frontal cortex
in adults occur with frustration, disappointment and sleep

Answer 17

Theta waves

Question 18

What is important to know about the origin of theta waves?

Answer 18

hippocampus is required/involved in its production

Question 19

What waves have the following characteristics?
<3.5 Hz
100-200uvolts
occur in deep sleep in adults
infants
appear during wakefullness is BAD = sign of organic brain dz

Answer 19

Delta waves

Question 20

Delta waves does NOT require connection between thalamus and cortex, feedback oscillation within cortex creates waves, taken to indicate that the cortex is no longer?

Answer 20

connected to the thalamus

Question 21

In general, increased mental/neural activity associated with increased activity on EEG. In infancy there is a fast beta like activity but over the _______ region there is a slow 0.5-2.0Hz activity.

Answer 21

occipital

Question 22

the activity over the occipital region gradually increase in frequency throughout childhodd and then the adult alpha wave pattern appears during?

Answer 22

adolscence

Question 23

Frequency of alpha rhythym is decreased by hypoglycemia, low body temp, low adrenal glucocorticoids, and high PaCO2, which all have reduced metabolism in common which leads to reduced?

Answer 23

neuronal activity

Question 24

Non-REM sleep are grey areas and REM sleep are black bars. NonREM is where most time asleep is spent, there are three stages N1,N2,N3 - N3 is what stage of sleep?

Answer 24

deep sleep

Question 25

Each stage you see progressive slowing on EEG waves, dreams do occur in nonREM but are generally?

Answer 25

rehashing the days events

Question 26

REM sleep = rapid eye movement left to right, EEG will see low amplitude and higher frequency waves, associated with what kind of dreams?

Answer 26

Vivid dreams that you remember

Question 27

``` NREM majority of sleep eye movements slow, rolling motion eeg gradually slow and dec. amplitude Significance: ```

Answer 27

intial phase of memory consolidation

Question 28

REMsleep aprox every 90mins get longer the later in the sleep eyes move rapid left to right eeg decrease amplitude and inc. frequency significance?

Answer 28

continued consolidation | linking knowledge to previous experience

Question 29

Sleep: PGD2 in the blood binds DP (receptor) in the leptomeninges, which realses adenosine into the CSF, which goes to the ventrolateral preoptic area (VPO) and does what?

Answer 29

binds adenosine 2a receptors

Question 30

When adenosine binds 2a receptors in the VPO, it inhibits ascending reticular activiating system (ARAS) inputs to the?

Answer 30

cortex = induces sleep

Question 31

Along with adenosine in the VPO, IL1b and TNF-a, GHRH activated NFkB which triggers NOS and makes?

Answer 31

NO = sleep

Question 32

REM sleep is different than the rest. Cholinergic neurons in the lateral pontine tegmentum release Ach in the geniculate body which sends input to the ?

Answer 32

occipital cortex (independent of adenosine loop)

Question 33

Muscle paralysis in REM sleep is crucial to prevent activating muscle and is mediated by locus ceruleus - inhibitory input to ?

Answer 33

alpha motoneurons (large muscles)

Question 34

hypothalamus controls arousal as well as sleep induction, lateral hypo is a source of Orexin A and B in the brain which are sent to the tuberomamillary nucleus and activates neurons which release?

Answer 34

histamine from locus ceruleus binds H1 activating LC neurons, which release NE and suppress REM sleep and lead to arousal

Question 35

children are more in REM and deep sleep, edlerly fewer REM, no deep sleep, more awakening, less total sleep, what is not as strong as it used to be?

Answer 35

circadian rhythym

Question 36

stages N1, N2, N3 (deep sleep) are characterized by slowing of the EEG, REM is characterized by rapid eye movements and large muscle

Answer 36

paralysis (low amp high freq)

Question 37

what is seen in stage N2 which are bursts of alpha like activity interrupting the slower EEG of sleep , commonly preceeded by a sharp wave = K complex?

Answer 37

Sleep spindles

Question 38

by N3 the EMG should be virtually silent (muscles) increasing voltage and slowing frequency w theta and?

Answer 38

delta waves

Question 39

in REM, EMG is v quiet cause locus ceruleus suppresses, vivid dreams, rapid, low voltage similar to what waves?

Answer 39

beta

Question 40

If the EEG shows airflow stopping, and movement in the thorax and abdomen are opposite of eachother, what can be expected?

Answer 40

Obstructive sleep apnea

Question 41

What happens the the EEG / patient completely stops breathing (P flow, abdomen, thorax are all dead lined)?

Answer 41

Central sleep apnea