2.5 nsci in the early 20th century

Question 1

major scientists?

Answer 1

cajal, pavlov, sherrington, skinner, lashley, hebb

Question 2

main ideas?

Answer 2

behavioural psychology, understanding of neurons and synapses

Question 3

santiago ramon y cajal

Answer 3

father of modern neuroscience

artist, refined images with Golgi stainging

neuron doctrine: neurons are brain cells that are directional, communicate via tiny gaps

neuroplasticity: brain can change structure as a result of learning

Question 4

santiago ramon y cajal

Answer 4

father of modern neuroscience

artist, refined images with Golgi stainging

neuron doctrine: neurons are brain cells that are directional, communicate via tiny gaps

neuroplasticity: brain can change structure as a result of learning

Question 5

ivan pavlov

Answer 5

classical conditioning

unconditioned stimulus: food
unconditioned response: salivate
neutral stimulus: sound of assistant’s footsteps

conditioned stimulus: sound of assistant’s footsteps
conditioned response: salivate

Question 6

sir charles scott sherrington

Answer 6

coined the term “synapse”

localized motor function to motor cortex using Brodmann’s areas to identify cortical areas stimulated electrically

Question 7

bf skinner

Answer 7

behaviourism (built on connectionism)

operant conditioning
- all behaviour explained by reinforcement and punishment

positive and negative, reinforcement and punishment

Question 8

jerzy konorski

Answer 8

neuroplasticity
- brain can reorganize neural connections through learning

Question 9

hodgkin + huxley

Answer 9

recorded first electrical potentials

made math model to explain biophysical properties of cells

Question 10

karl lashley

Answer 10

attempted to locate the site of memory storage, the engram

made rat remember a maze, removed small + large portions of cortex (small = no effects)

equipotentiallity
- if one area is damaged, other parts can assume that role

mass action
- following damage, capacity for memory storage is reduced as a function of amount of damage, not the area

*memories are not localized

Question 11

wilder penfield

Answer 11

sensory and motor homunculi (in pre- and post- central gyrus)

mapped brains of epileptic patients with electrical stimulation
- pioneered brain resection surgery

Question 12

donald hebb

Answer 12

combined physiology and psychology (brain and behaviour)
- end of dualism

3 neurophysiological postuates (basis of hebbian learning)
- synaptic plasticity: cells that fire together wire together
- cell assembly: caused by repeated stimulation
- phase sequence: different cell assemblies can be activated in phases to form a thought process