2.4 - Motivation and Demotivation Flashcards
Motivation
The desire, effort and passion to achieve something
* in BM: the willingness to complete a task or job with enthusiasm
Motivational theories (3)
Taylor - motivation
Maslow - hierarchy of needs
Herzberg - two factor theory
Taylor’s theory (overview)
Assumed that employees are primarily motivated by money
* so productivity could be improved by seeting output and efficiency targets related to pay
Criticism of Taylor’s theory (name 3)
- Ignores non-financial factors
- Does not recognise that people may be independent thinkers
- Difficult to measure the output of professionals that focus on mental output rather than physical
- Can lead to repetitive and monotonous tasks
Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs
Believed that psychological needs of employees is what motivates people, not just money
* developed a hierarchy of needs where people must be motivated by lower order needs before they can progress to higher order needs
Maslow’s hierarchy
- Self actualisation
- Esteem
- Love and belonging
- Safety
- Physiological
Self-actualisation
Intrinsic drive within people to become the best they can be
Esteem
Job titles, decision-making power, praise
Love and belonging
Interaction, teamwork, trade union membership
Safety
Job security, sick pay, maternity leave, pensions
Physiological
Food, water, shelter, warmth, air
Criticism of Maslow’s theory (2)
- identification of needs is difficult and not everyone has the same needs
- self actualisation needs are rarely achieved permanently
Herzberg’s theory of two factors
His research resulted in two categories of factors affecting the level of motivation in the workplace: hygiene and motivators
Hygiene factors (def and 3 examples)
Aspects of work that do not motivate but must be met to prevent dissatisfaction
* working conditions
* pay
* relations with others
* paid leave
Motivators (def and 3 examples)
Factors that can lead to the psychological growth of workers and hence increase satisfaction and performance at work
* job enlargement/enrichment/empowerement
* achievement
* recognition/responsibility
Criticism of Herzberg’s theory (name 2)
- Hygiene factors can be taken for granted
- Does not apply to low skilled jobs (study was limited to engineers and accountants)
- Employees may not want the extra responsibility and stress from job enrichment
Financial rewards (7)
- Salary
- Wages (time and piece rates)
- Commission
- Performance-related pay
- Profit-related pay
- Employee share ownership scheme
- Fringe payments
Commission
Pays workers a percentage of sales or output contributed
PRP (and forms)
Rewards those who meet certain goals
* perfomance bonus
* loyalty bonus
* pay rise
* gratuity
Non-financial rwards (6)
- Job enrichment
- Job rotation
- Job enlargement
- Empowerement
- Purpose/the opportunity to make a difference
- Teamwork
Types of training (3)
- Induction
- On the job
- Off the job
