Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology 308 for Final > 24. Minerals in human body > Flashcards

24. Minerals in human body Flashcards

1
Q

what are naturally occuring

A

mineral must be found and made in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is solide crystalline substance

A

Atoms that compose the mineral are arranged in an orderly,
repeating, three dimensional array

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is inorganic

A

Crystallize from magma, precipitate from solutions such as seawater at the surface

grow in response to Δ T & P deep in the
crust.

The IMA excludes biogenic minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is specific chemical composition

A

What makes each mineral unique is the combination and arrangement of atoms in an internal structure

Mineral chemical composition can vary within defined limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are kidney stone

A

hard
crystalline mineral material formed in kidneys or urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many percent of people get kidney stones some point in their lives

A

1 - 15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when do kidney stones form

A

when decrease in urin volume

excess of stone forming substance in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where do kidney stones form

A

typically in kidney and leave body in urin stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when does stone cause blockage, also where is it

A

5mm
in Ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

symptoms of kidney stones

A

lower back and abdomen pain

urine blood

pain while urinating

nausea
vomitting
urinating urgency
restlessness
sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

risk factor in getting kidney stone

A

most due to genetics and environement

1) high urine calcium levels
2) obesity
3) certain foods
4) some medications
5) calcium supplements
6) hyperparathyroidism
7) gout
8) not drinking enough fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are 5 types of kidney stones made of

A
  • calcium oxalate (most common)
  • calcium phosphate
  • struvite
  • uric acid
  • cystine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are stages of kidney stone formation

A

a) nucleation (chemical elements joining together)

  • homogeneous (all crystal) vs. hetero (cell debris)

b) growth

c) aggregation

d) retention in the kidney, continue to grow

e) move into the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in the US, how many percent of men get kidney stones

A

13%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in the US, how many percent of women get kidney stones

A

7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many percent of kidney stones need no surgical intervention

A

78%
most pass through ureter to the bladder with own time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

if kidney stone is lodged in ureter, what are 2 possible medical interventions

A

Lithotripsy
(high energy shock waves)

endoscopic removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

if a person forms a kidney stone, what is likelihood they will form another in next 4 years

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes kidney stones to form

A
  • supersaturation of urine with stone-forming elements
  • deficiency of inhibitors (such as citrate) that prevent crystallization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are 2 dietary habits that can lead to kidney stone formation

A
  • too much sodium in diet
  • too much animal protein in diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

calcium oxalate

A

Ca2+ CCOOOO2-

22
Q

calcium phosphate

A

Ca2+ PO2(OH)2

23
Q

struvite

A

NH4MgPO46H2O

24
Q

uric acid

A

C5H4N4O3

25
Q

cystine

A

(SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2

26
Q

what types of kidney stone are highest

A

calcium stones then struvite

cystine is least

27
Q

what is lithotripst

A

uses sound waves to break up large kidney stones into
smaller pieces.

also called high-energy
shock waves

The most common form is extracorporeal
shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

28
Q

extracorporeal meaning

A

outside the body, in this case the source of waves

29
Q

ESWL

A

been around since 1980s
non invasive
no surgery
safer
easier recovery
45 minutes to a hour

30
Q

medical interventions

A

drug treament
- calcium channel blockers and steroids
- citrate ones to prevent development

31
Q

what happens if ESWL doesn’t work

A

endoscopic stone removal

goes through bladder or
small incision in back to reach stone

some need large incision in abdomen

32
Q

Minerals in human bone

A

Calcium phosphate and collagen fibres

33
Q

what is vivo bone

A

living bone in the body

34
Q

how mcuh water is in bone

A

10-20%

35
Q

dry mass how much is calcium phosphate

A

60-70%

36
Q

calcium phosphate formula

A

Ca5(PO4)4(OH)

37
Q

the harder, outer layer of your bone is called

A

compact bone

38
Q

the inner part of bone is called

A

spongy bone

39
Q

what are cells called that break down bone tissue

A

osteoclasts

40
Q

what are cells that make new bone tissue

A

osteoblasts

41
Q

at what age is peak bone mass in humans

A

30s

42
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

weakened bones due to low bone density

43
Q

what are common fracture locations related to osteoporosi

A

wrist
spine
hips

44
Q

what is the hardest substance with most minerals in body

A

Hydroxyapatite is the mineral

crystalline calcium phosphate

45
Q

what happens if excess fluoride

A

combines to calcium to make CaF2

not enough calcium phosphate production

less mienralization in growing enamel

46
Q

what are gall stones

A

stones formed in gallbladder out of bile components

47
Q

what are bile components that form gall stones

A

cholesterol
bile salts
bilirubin

48
Q

facts about gallstones
percent of people with

symptoms

where is pain

how many people get it

A

80% never have symptoms

gallstone block bile duct which causes pain in right upper part of abdomen

developing countries: 10-15%

49
Q

what are gallstone really

A

hardened deposits of bile that form in gallbladder

50
Q

what does bile do

A

digestive fluid produced by liver and stores in gallbladder

when we eat, gallbladder contracts and empties bile to duodenum small intestine

51
Q

risk factors of gallstones

A

birth control
pregnancy
family history
obesity
diabetes
liver disease
rapid weight loss

52
Q

risk of gallstones can be decreased by

A

maintaining healthy weight with exercise

healthy diet high fibre low sugar

Geology 308 for Final (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions