21. Fluorine Flashcards
what is fluoride and Fluorine chemical names
Fluorine F
Fluoride F-
Minerals that have Fluoride in them are called
Fluoride minerals
CaF2
how is water fluoridation done
sodium Fluoride (NaF)
combined with Fluorosilicic acid ( H2SiF6 ) or sodium Fluorosilicate (Na2SoF6) to drinking water
what are some non drinking water sources of F- In our diet
fish, tea , gelatin
Natural Fluoride into our drinking water supply is by
erosion
in 1940s, scientits found people living near water sources with 1ppm of Fluoride had fewer…
cavities
today how many americans have Fluorinated public drinking water
2/3
study of medieval skeletons showed that people who lived in coastal areas and ate more what had fewer what
ate more fish had fewer cavities
CDC study compared kids in the late 1960s to kids in early 1990s and found how many percent drop in cavities
68%
This drop could be attributed to
drinking Fluorinated water or using Fluoride toothpaste
what is recommended amount of daily Fluoride during tooth enamel growth
0.8-1.2 ppm
what benefit does Fluoride give tooth during enamel formation
Fluoride helps reduce enamel solubility during formation
strong enamel which is more resistant to bacteria
Greater than 1.5 ppm of Fluoride per day can cause
tooth decay and pitting
3-6 ppm per day can cause
skeletal fluorosis
WHO says best way to prevent dental decay is
Fluorinated drinking water
do we have Fluoride in calgary waters?
no discontinued
now its 0.1-0.4 ppm in bow and elbow rivers
History of Fluoridation in calgary
1957-1971
Calgary voted against adding fluroide in drinking water 3 times in 1957, 1961 and 1971
History of Fluoridation in calgary
1989-1991
vote in favour
1991- 1.0ppm was added
History of Fluoridation in calgary
1998-1999
1998, advice from health services with 5 experts saying to lower down level to 0.7 ppm
History of Fluoridation in calgary
2011
discontinued fluoride
how much was added fluoride to water every year in calgary
750,000 yearly
controversy of stopping fluoride in water in calgary
tooth decays worseneed in children after 2011
research done on grade 2 kids
there were other factors, but main was this
what are benefits of adding fluoride
reducing incidence of cavities
what are negatives of adding fluoride
dental and skeletal fluorisis with prolonged high exposure
what is fluorisis
teeth discolouration
accumulation of fluoride in bones
join damage the bones and cause pain
how much was calgarys price to upgrade fluoride injection system if happened in 2011
several million dollars
why the concern about fluoride in drinking water
some research suggests adding fluoride to lead to lower IQ
when can dental fluorisis occur and how
excessive exposure in childhood, only while tooth formation is happening
when child is birth - 6 years old
some research says especially first 2 years
what are some ways children can be exposed to excessive fluoride
- fluoridated mouthwash kids might swallow
- Alot of swallowing fluoride toothpaste
- Bottled water with untested fluoride content
- Inappropriate fluoride supplements
- Public water fluoridation (40%) , resulting effect is aesthetic
how do severe cases of fluorisis occur
exposure to naturally fluorinated water above levels
pollution from high fluoride coal
what is the hardest substance in a human body with most minerals
Tooth enamel
what is the main mineral in enamel
hydroxyapatite, a crystalline calcium phosphate
what is chemical formula for calcium phosphate
Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
How does fluoride bind to calcium phosphate
Excess fluoride can combine with calcium to form CaF2. Not enough calcium phosphate production means less mineralization in growing enamel
Hypomineralized enamel
altered optical properties
looks opaque
lusterless to normal
Skeletal fluorisis affect on bones
high fluoride, bones harden
loose elasticity and fractures increase
bone structure thickens
Joint mobility is impaired
ligaments and cartilage ossified
What are bones made of
calcium phosphate
what if there is too much fluoride in blood
fluoride will leach the calcium out of bones to form CaF2, which is insoluble
this solid if flushed out of body
in how many countries is skeletal flurosis a problem? which 2 countries are most severe?
25 countries
China and India
which drinking water supply has highest amount of fluoride in it in china and india
Groundwater is highly fluorinated
How many states in india are endemic areas?
How many people are at risk and how many are disabled?
how much fluoride does groundwater have
20 states
60 million at risk
6 million disabled
6-8ppm
Groundwater in geographic areas
groundwater with over 1.5 mg/L of naturally occurring fluride is above recommended levels
where is global distribution of fluoride-rich groundwater
US, africa, South america
China India majority of asia
what type of rocks can contain fluorite or fluorapatite
Igneous rocks that crystallize underground (granite)
what minerals are in fluoride in groundwater
fluorite CaF2
fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F
Cryolite Na3AIF6
Hydrogeological conditions affect
Alkaline groundwater increases fluoride minerals solubility.
what mineral does fluoride-rich groundwater generally have more of
More magnesium than calcium
Irrigation and fertilizers
Phosphate fertilizers have high levels of fluoride
lots of use of that increased soil fluoride concentrations in many areas
Uk test for fluoride new technology
fast colour-changing test from purple to blue if too much fluoride
help prevent crippling bone disease skeletal fluorosis in developing countries
