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Geology 308 for Final > 20. Coal combustion > Flashcards

20. Coal combustion Flashcards

1
Q

where does 29% of nation’s oil and 21% of gas come from

A

gulf of mexico

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2
Q

what ceases the production of oil

A

hurricanes like katrina and rita

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3
Q

what is coal

A

fossil fuel

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4
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy

A

the sun

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5
Q

how is carbon dioxide buried

A

CO2 is buried as organic material
released back into atmosphere when organic material is burned

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6
Q

what is coal consist of

A

compressed, altered remains of vegetation

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7
Q

How is coal formed

A

Anthracite coal is subjected to high temperatures and pressures to drive off impurities, so it burns more cleanly

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8
Q

what type of rock is coal

A

biochemical rock

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of coal

A

Peat ( toppest layer 50m )
Bituminous coal with 50% carbon inside lignite
Anthracite

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10
Q

what does burning coal release

A

carbon
water
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur
impurities

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11
Q

what type of reaction occurs with burning coal

A

combustion reaction

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12
Q

what is a combustion reaction

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen
releases lots of energy in form of light and heat
always produces CO2 and H2O

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13
Q

combustion of methane equation

A

CH4+ 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

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14
Q

combustion of propane equation

A

C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O

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15
Q

what type of chemical reaction is combustion

A

exothermic - releases energy as it releases light and heat

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16
Q

how is coal processed

A

Coal
Pulveriser mill
Boiler with ash systems
water purification
condenser
steam turbine generator
substation/transformer
electricity

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17
Q

why is O2 needed for combustion

A

Wihtout proper oxygen, so in a closed environemnet without proper ventilation, forms carbon monoxide

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18
Q

what is reaction equation of carbon monoxide formation

A

C3H8 + 3.5 O2 -> 3CO +4H2O

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19
Q

describe carbon monoxide

A

colourless
odourless
very poisonous

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20
Q

how does carbon monoxide affect us

A

Breathing it in, it takes the place of O2 in hemoglobin in the blood supply of lungs, and enters tissue
causing asphyxiation

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21
Q

what is asphyxiation

A

deprived of air, suffocation

22
Q

what is main by- product of coal combustion

A

CO2 is main product
44g for every 12g of carbon burnt

23
Q

what does CO2 in air form

A

Acid rain
Biggest contributor to mercury in environment

24
Q

what is acid rain made of

A

sulfur dioxide

25
Q

where is the 3rd largest state owned coal mining site

A

China, Datong coal mining group owns it

26
Q

where is Datong Coal Mining Group mine? which province?

A

Datong city, second largest city in ShanXi province

27
Q

what proportion of global CO2 emissions in china likely responsible for

A

1/5

28
Q

in china, concerns about environment are overshadowed by..?

A

jobs and income created by the coal mining industry

29
Q

how much of china’s electricity is coal powered

A

1/3

30
Q

how much of china’s electrcity comes from solar

A

2%

31
Q

how much of china’s electrcity comes from wind

A

3%

32
Q

what is the domestic use of coal for cooking

A

primary fuel in rural area cooking
people dry their corn and chillis directly over burning coals

33
Q

some coals with higher level of toxic elements have what in it

A

arsenic, fluorine, mercury and thalium

34
Q

Arsenic poisoning
Casualties, symptoms and cause

A

at least 3000 in Guizhou Province

Hyperpigmentation, black skin lesion, cancer

drying chili peppers over coal burning stoves

35
Q

how much arsenic is from cooking

A

fresh chili peppers : 1ppm
dried over fire: 500 ppm
kitchen dust in home : 3000 ppm

36
Q

how much arsenic does coal in china have and in comparison to US

A

35000 ppm vs 22 ppm

37
Q

Flurorine poisoning
Casualties, symptoms and cause

A

More than 10 million people in Guizhou province

mottling of tooth enamel, limited joint movement, osteosclerosis, bow legs, spinal curvature

97% from food consumption: corn dried over fluorine rich coal fires

38
Q

where is coal production largely in the US

A

Appalachians ( poorest region in US )
- in virginia ( WEST ) and kentucky

39
Q

who rules central appalachians

A

absentee landowners interested in high profits made in extracting gold here

40
Q

why did coal industry choose apalachians

A

Poor area, people would do any job for money
created single-industry economies to exert absolute control over people

41
Q

what problems does appalachia share

A

rural povery
inadequate jobs
services
transportation
education
infrastructure

42
Q

how many percent of central appalachia did not graduate from HS

A

57%

43
Q

how many percent of appalachia adults are illiterate

A

30%

44
Q

how many percent of land do residents own in appalachian

A

99% control less than half their land
sold rights of land to mining and timber companies

45
Q

what is a form of surface coal mining in Appalachia, how do they do it?

A

Moutaintop removal

800-1000 feet of mpuntaintops

Deforestation caused by blasting

excess soil and rock is expanded by 15-20% due to air incorporation and voids

dumped into nearby streams

46
Q

what is the process called where excess soil is dumped into nearby streams

A

valley fill

47
Q

what does mountaintop mining and valley fills do

A

change landscapes drastically
fragmentation of forests
conversion of habitats
loss of tracts and forested areas

48
Q

mountaintop removal health effects

A

cardiovascular disease
lung cancer
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
birth heart defects go up by 181% here
high risk of depression
psychological stress

49
Q

why does mountaintop removal cause health effects

A

contamination of water and land

  • increased salinity, metals, magnesium and sulfates in the watersheds
  • 63% of stream beds are impaired due to toxicity
50
Q

why is mountaint top removal used

A

remove top to expose coal seams
flat landscape created
alberta doesn’t use this

Geology 308 for Final (11 decks)

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