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Reproduction > 2.4 Female Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

2.4 Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Increased production of milk in dairy cows can do what to fertility?

A

reduce the rate of fertility

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2
Q

How can pollution, deforestation, and rising global temperature reduce fertility?

A

-alter seasonal breeding patterns
- disrupt migration
- disrupt hormones /sex change

ex: 1/3 of male fish in UK are ‘feminised’ due to pollution

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3
Q

How are marine mammals effected?

A
  • constant exposure to pollution​ in water
  • pollutants held in large fat stores
  • passed on to offspring via milk
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4
Q

What are the highlighted​ structures?

A
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5
Q

What are the highlighted structures?

A
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6
Q

What are the highlighted structures?

A
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7
Q

What animal is this?

A

Mare:
Cervix = longitudinal folding

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8
Q

What animal is this?

A

Cow:
Cervix = open cervix​ rings
Rings must be open during insemination

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9
Q

What animal is this?

A

Sow:
cervix = corkscrew

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10
Q

What animal is this?

A

Dog:
cervix = smaller cervix​

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11
Q

Where are the ovaries located in a cow?

A

Ovaries​ are located next to body wall in pelvis

  • located caudal vetral to kidney
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12
Q

Where are the ovaries located in a horse?

A

Ovaries are located outside of the pelvis
- located caudal ventral to kidney

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13
Q

Where does the uterus​ lie during pregnacy:​ mare

A

lie on the ventral body wall

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14
Q

Where does the uterus​ lie in the cow?

A

the uterus is displaced to the right because of the rumen

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15
Q

The reproductive system is attached to​ ?

A

the bones of the pelvis and the roof of the abdomen

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16
Q

Broad ligment:​

A

bilateral sheet that anchors organs to abdominal roof and pelvic walls

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17
Q

Meso =

A

another name for ligament

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18
Q

mesomentri​um

A

ligament that holds the uterus

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19
Q

mesosalphinx

A

ligaments that hold the oviduct

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20
Q

mesovarium

A

ligaments that hold the ovaries

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21
Q

inter-cornual ligament

A

holds the uterine horn
- landmark for finding ovaries

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22
Q

suspensory ligament:

A

peritoneal fold attaches ovary to abdominal wall adjacent to last rib

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23
Q

what is located in the ovarian bursa?

A

ovaries
- serves as a covering over ovaries

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24
Q

uterine artery branches from?

A

branched from internal illiac

** except in mare (external illiac

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25
Q

ovarian artery branches from ?

A

branches from the aorta
**important during spay: if vessel is not ligated properly it can kill the animal

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26
Q

Why is the ovarian artery close to the ovarian and uterine vein?

A

transfer of prostoglandin

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27
Q

Where is prostaglandin​ made?

A

In the uterous and transferred to the ovary

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28
Q

Where does the lymph of the​ reproductive tract drain?

A

into the aortic and sacral-iliac​ lymph nodes
- These may be come enlarged if the tract become infected

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29
Q

What effect does the disruption of nerves have on reproduction?

A

little effect

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30
Q

which nerves supply the vulva?

A

motor nerves

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31
Q

Ovary Function:

A
  1. produce female gametes
    How: oogenesis and folliculogenesis​
  2. Hormone production (main: estrogen and progesterone)
    How: Follicles and corpora lutea
32
Q

oogenesis:

A

development of oocyte

33
Q

Where are oocytes produced and developed?

A

In the follicle

34
Q

Folliculogenesis:

A

development of the follicle (hormonal support)

35
Q

What are the 2 sections of the ovary?

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
36
Q

where are ovarian follicles growing and devolping?​

A

cortex

37
Q

Medulla of ovaries:

A

central connective tissue containing vascular supply and nervous innervation

38
Q

Why are the mares ovaries differnt?

A

They are inside out: medulla is on the outside and cortex is on the inside
- the follicles grow on the inside of the the ovaries and cant be seen from the outside

39
Q

In the mare what happens to the egg ​ since it is ovulating inside the ovary?

A

The egg is ovulated in the ovulation fossa ( connected to oviduct)

40
Q

What special feature does the pig ovary have?

A

it is lobulated

41
Q

What happens after ovulation?

A
  • The ovarian follicles grow big and rupture to release egg
  • Once egg is released the cells in the ovarian follicles (granulated and thecal cells) differentiate and form corpus luteum
42
Q

The corpus luteum is the source of producing?

A

progesterone

43
Q

Granulossal cells and thecal cells produce​ ?

A

estrogen

44
Q

Large Luteal cells (LLC) orignate from?

A

Granulossal celle

45
Q

Small luteal cells (SLC) orignate from?

A

Thecal cells inside corpus luteum

46
Q

corpus luteum means ?

A

yellow body

47
Q

Corpus luteum:

A
  • highly vascular
  • produce progesterone
  • important for maintaining​ pregnancy​
48
Q

What is between the ovary and the uterus​ ?

A

The oviduct

49
Q

What 3 parts make up​ the oviduct?

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
50
Q

infundibulum:

A

Covers the surface of the ovary to try and capture the egg
- umbrella / funnel shape

51
Q

ampulla:

A

wider “fern-like” lumen, mucosal folds, ciliated epithelium

52
Q

Ithmus:

A
  • narrower (meets uterus at uterotubal junction), thicker muscular​ wall, fewer mucosal folds
53
Q

Where does fertilization happen?

A

either in the ampulla or ampulla-isthmus juction

54
Q

Oviduct function:

A
  • capture and transport oocytes and convey sperm in ascent
  • site of fertiliazation
    -nutrition and support of gametes and early embryos
  • times transport of developed zygote to uterus
55
Q

How many days does it take for the egg to reach the uterus after fertilization​?

A

3-4 days

56
Q

Uterus function​:​

A

-sperm transport
- luteolysis and control of cyclicity, PGF2 alpha
-environment for pre-attachment embryo
- maternal contribution
to the placenta
-the expulsion of the fetus and​ fetal placenta

57
Q

Caruncle:

A

-ewe and cow
- the site where fetal membrane attaches during pregnancy

58
Q

cervix function:

A
  • transport sperm
  • barrier to sperm
  • reservoir for sperm
  • blocking bacterial invasion during pregnancy​
  • birthcanal
59
Q

cervix structure:

A
  • composed of connective tissue
  • internal os, external os, cervical rings (4-5)
  • mucus secreted near breeding and ovulation
60
Q

During pregnancy, the cervix is filled with a thick mucus secretion known as the​ cervical plug. What doe this do?

A

protects the uterus from infection entering​ from the vagina

61
Q

cow, ewe cervix:

A

has annular rings, ewe has more obstacles

62
Q

mare cervix:

A

longitudinal folds

63
Q

sow cervix

A

interdigitating prominences, no fornix

64
Q

Vagina Function:

A
  • compulatory organ
  • site of expulsion of urine
  • passive birth canal during parturation
  • ejaculation of semen in sheep, cow, and human then onto the cervical​ os
65
Q

Vagina anterior epithelium?

A

columnar

66
Q

vagina posterior epithelium?

A

stratified squamous

67
Q

What 3 species have bipartite uterus?

A

cow, ewe, and mare

68
Q

Which species has bicornuate uterus?

A

sow

69
Q

What is the gap between the anus and ​vulva?

A

cutaneous bridge

70
Q

Which structure(s) can be easily visualized by ultrasound in the mare and cow?
- tertiary follicles
- primary follicles
- primordial follicles
- corpus luteum
- dominant​ follicles

A
  • corpus luteum
  • tertiary follicles
  • dominant follicles
71
Q

What is the site of fertilization​?

A

ampulla-isthmus junction

72
Q

How many oocytes will be released when a sow ovulates 12 follicles?

A

12

73
Q

feature of the uterus that differs the most between sow and mare?

A

length of uterine horn: the sows horns are 40 to 90 cm in length whilst the mare 15-25 cm. This differences is to accomodate the multi offspring of sows.

74
Q

Joins caudal pole of ovary to adjacent horn.

A

Proper ligamnet

75
Q

is a peritonal fold that attaches cranial pole ovary to abdominal wall adjacent to last rib.

A

suspensory ligament

76
Q

runs between uterine horns at the point of the bifurcation

A

intercornual ligament

77
Q

anchors reproductive organs from abdo​minal wall.

A

broad ligament

Reproduction (15 decks)

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