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Reproduction > 2.4 Female Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

2.4 Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Increased production of milk in dairy cows can do what to fertility?

A

reduce the rate of fertility

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2
Q

How can pollution, deforestation, and rising global temperature reduce fertility?

A

-alter seasonal breeding patterns
- disrupt migration
- disrupt hormones /sex change

ex: 1/3 of male fish in UK are ‘feminised’ due to pollution

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3
Q

How are marine mammals effected?

A
  • constant exposure to pollution​ in water
  • pollutants held in large fat stores
  • passed on to offspring via milk
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4
Q

What are the highlighted​ structures?

A
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5
Q

What are the highlighted structures?

A
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6
Q

What are the highlighted structures?

A
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7
Q

What animal is this?

A

Mare:
Cervix = longitudinal folding

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8
Q

What animal is this?

A

Cow:
Cervix = open cervix​ rings
Rings must be open during insemination

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9
Q

What animal is this?

A

Sow:
cervix = corkscrew

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10
Q

What animal is this?

A

Dog:
cervix = smaller cervix​

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11
Q

Where are the ovaries located in a cow?

A

Ovaries​ are located next to body wall in pelvis

  • located caudal vetral to kidney
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12
Q

Where are the ovaries located in a horse?

A

Ovaries are located outside of the pelvis
- located caudal ventral to kidney

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13
Q

Where does the uterus​ lie during pregnacy:​ mare

A

lie on the ventral body wall

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14
Q

Where does the uterus​ lie in the cow?

A

the uterus is displaced to the right because of the rumen

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15
Q

The reproductive system is attached to​ ?

A

the bones of the pelvis and the roof of the abdomen

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16
Q

Broad ligment:​

A

bilateral sheet that anchors organs to abdominal roof and pelvic walls

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17
Q

Meso =

A

another name for ligament

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18
Q

mesomentri​um

A

ligament that holds the uterus

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19
Q

mesosalphinx

A

ligaments that hold the oviduct

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20
Q

mesovarium

A

ligaments that hold the ovaries

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21
Q

inter-cornual ligament

A

holds the uterine horn
- landmark for finding ovaries

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22
Q

suspensory ligament:

A

peritoneal fold attaches ovary to abdominal wall adjacent to last rib

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23
Q

what is located in the ovarian bursa?

A

ovaries
- serves as a covering over ovaries

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24
Q

uterine artery branches from?

A

branched from internal illiac

** except in mare (external illiac

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25
ovarian artery branches from ?
branches from the aorta **important during spay: if vessel is not ligated properly it can kill the animal
26
Why is the ovarian artery close to the ovarian and uterine vein?
transfer of prostoglandin
27
Where is prostaglandin​ made?
In the uterous and transferred to the ovary
28
Where does the lymph of the​ reproductive tract drain?
into the aortic and sacral-iliac​ lymph nodes - These may be come enlarged if the tract become infected
29
What effect does the disruption of nerves have on reproduction?
little effect
30
which nerves supply the vulva?
motor nerves
31
Ovary Function:
1. produce female gametes How: oogenesis and folliculogenesis​ 2. Hormone production (main: estrogen and progesterone) How: Follicles and corpora lutea
32
oogenesis:
development of oocyte
33
Where are oocytes produced and developed?
In the follicle
34
Folliculogenesis:
development of the follicle (hormonal support)
35
What are the 2 sections of the ovary?
- Cortex - Medulla
36
where are ovarian follicles growing and devolping?​
cortex
37
Medulla of ovaries:
central connective tissue containing vascular supply and nervous innervation
38
Why are the mares ovaries differnt?
They are inside out: medulla is on the outside and cortex is on the inside - the follicles grow on the inside of the the ovaries and cant be seen from the outside
39
In the mare what happens to the egg ​ since it is ovulating inside the ovary?
The egg is ovulated in the ovulation fossa ( connected to oviduct)
40
What special feature does the pig ovary have?
it is lobulated
41
What happens after ovulation?
- The ovarian follicles grow big and rupture to release egg - Once egg is released the cells in the ovarian follicles (granulated and thecal cells) differentiate and form corpus luteum
42
The corpus luteum is the source of producing?
progesterone
43
Granulossal cells and thecal cells produce​ ?
estrogen
44
Large Luteal cells (LLC) orignate from?
Granulossal celle
45
Small luteal cells (SLC) orignate from?
Thecal cells inside corpus luteum
46
corpus luteum means ?
yellow body
47
Corpus luteum:
- highly vascular - produce progesterone - important for maintaining​ pregnancy​
48
What is between the ovary and the uterus​ ?
The oviduct
49
What 3 parts make up​ the oviduct?
- infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus
50
infundibulum:
Covers the surface of the ovary to try and capture the egg - umbrella / funnel shape
51
ampulla:
wider "fern-like" lumen, mucosal folds, ciliated epithelium
52
Ithmus:
- narrower (meets uterus at uterotubal junction), thicker muscular​ wall, fewer mucosal folds
53
Where does fertilization happen?
either in the ampulla or ampulla-isthmus juction
54
Oviduct function:
- capture and transport oocytes and convey sperm in ascent - site of fertiliazation -nutrition and support of gametes and early embryos - times transport of developed zygote to uterus
55
How many days does it take for the egg to reach the uterus after fertilization​?
3-4 days
56
Uterus function​:​
-sperm transport - luteolysis and control of cyclicity, PGF2 alpha -environment for pre-attachment embryo - maternal contribution to the placenta -the expulsion of the fetus and​ fetal placenta
57
Caruncle:
-ewe and cow - the site where fetal membrane attaches during pregnancy
58
cervix function:
- transport sperm - barrier to sperm - reservoir for sperm - blocking bacterial invasion during pregnancy​ - birthcanal
59
cervix structure:
- composed of connective tissue - internal os, external os, cervical rings (4-5) - mucus secreted near breeding and ovulation
60
During pregnancy, the cervix is filled with a thick mucus secretion known as the​ cervical plug. What doe this do?
protects the uterus from infection entering​ from the vagina
61
cow, ewe cervix:
has annular rings, ewe has more obstacles
62
mare cervix:
longitudinal folds
63
sow cervix
interdigitating prominences, no fornix
64
Vagina Function:
- compulatory organ - site of expulsion of urine - passive birth canal during parturation - ejaculation of semen in sheep, cow, and human then onto the cervical​ os
65
Vagina anterior epithelium?
columnar
66
vagina posterior epithelium?
stratified squamous
67
What 3 species have bipartite uterus?
cow, ewe, and mare
68
Which species has bicornuate uterus?
sow
69
What is the gap between the anus and ​vulva?
cutaneous bridge
70
Which structure(s) can be easily visualized by ultrasound in the mare and cow? - tertiary follicles - primary follicles - primordial follicles - corpus luteum - dominant​ follicles
- corpus luteum - tertiary follicles - dominant follicles
71
What is the site of fertilization​?
ampulla-isthmus junction
72
How many oocytes will be released when a sow ovulates 12 follicles?
12
73
feature of the uterus that differs the most between sow and mare?
length of uterine horn: the sows horns are 40 to 90 cm in length whilst the mare 15-25 cm. This differences is to accomodate the multi offspring of sows.
74
Joins caudal pole of ovary to adjacent horn.
Proper ligamnet
75
is a peritonal fold that attaches cranial pole ovary to abdominal wall adjacent to last rib.
suspensory ligament
76
runs between uterine horns at the point of the bifurcation
intercornual ligament
77
anchors reproductive organs from abdo​minal wall.
broad ligament

Reproduction (15 decks)

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