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Reproduction > 2.2 Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

2.2 Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive Hormones: Hypothalamus

A

secretes​ Gonadotrophin​-releasing hormone (GnRH)

**critical for control of reproduction

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2
Q

Reproductive Hormones: Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin

**seasonal reproduction

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3
Q

Reproductive Hormones: Anterior Pituitary

A

Secretes:
- Luteinising hormone LH
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Prolactin

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4
Q

Reproductive Hormones: Posterior Pituitary

A

Secretes Oxytocin

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5
Q

Reproductive Hormones: Gonads

A

Secretes
- estrogens and progesterone
- testosterone
- 2 peptide hormones: inhibin and activin
- prostaglandins: produced and act locally

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6
Q

Hormonal control of reproduction:

A
  1. Hypothalamus​: GnRh
  2. Anterior pituitary​ : LH and FSH
  3. Gonads: Steroids - estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone
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7
Q

How do these hormones interact with each other?

A
  • Starting with the hypothalamus: GnRh is released acting on the anterior pituitary release
  • Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH which act on the Gonads

Gonads:
- male hormone produced = testosterone
- Female hormone produced = estrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

the male hormone:

A
  • Accepts negative feedback from Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • As testosterone levels rise, we have reduced generated secretion from the hypothalamus and GnRH by the anterior pituitary
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9
Q

the female hormone:

A
  • mainly production of estrogen and progesterone by the gonads and inhibin
  • both accept negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

**Oestradiol can accept both negative and positive feedback

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10
Q

In the female hormone: when progesterone levels rise

A

The levels of GnRH drop

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11
Q

In the female hormone: When estrogen levels rise at moderate levels of oestradiol

A

we have negative regulations​ of these upstream hormones

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12
Q

In the female hormone: When estradiol levels reach their peak

A

surge in the ​secretion of LH and generate
**Important during female ovulation

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13
Q

GnRH:

A
  • peptide hormone consisting of 10 amino acids
  • synthesized in the hypothalamus
  • derived from the post-translation modification of precursor molecule
  • binds to GnRH​ receptor (GPCR) on gonadotroph cells in anterior pituitary
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14
Q

How is GnRh secreted?

A

pulsating manner

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15
Q

What is the half life of GnRH in ewes?

A

around 7

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16
Q

GnRH generated in pulsating manner =

A

elevate levels of LH and FSH

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17
Q

GnRH generated continuously =

A

dropped levels of LH and FSH

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18
Q

Pulsating actions of GnRH:

A
  • GnRH bonds to Gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary
  • This stimulates FSH and LH by the gonadotroph cells
  • These act on the ovaries and testis
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19
Q

Gondortrophon hormone class =

A

glycoproteins: composed of 2 non-identical subunits (alpha and Beta)

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20
Q

Gondortrophen: biological specify is conferred by which subunit?

A

Beta Subunit - important for its function

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21
Q

Gondortrophen: Alpha subunit is common in?

A

LH and FSH

22
Q

LH:

A
  • glycoprotein composed of alpha and beta subunits
  • half-life around 30 min
  • secretion is pulsatile: frequency is different during different stages of oestrous cycle
  • can have both​ frequency and amplitude modulation
23
Q

LH secretion is regulated by?

A

GnRH and gonadal steroids

24
Q

Function of LH: male

A

male: stimulates the secretion of testosterone by the testis (Leydig cells)

25
Q

Function of LH: Female

A

Female:
- In the ovaries works with FSH to stimulate oestradiol synthesis and ovulation
- stimulates the formation of the ​corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

26
Q

FSH:

A
  • Glycoprotein composed of alpha and beta subunits
  • Has a half-life of 3-4hrs
  • used in the stimulation of folliculr development to induce multiple ovulation for embryo transfer
27
Q

FSH release is controlled by?

A

-GnRH
-Steroids
-Inhibin​/activin

28
Q

FSH function: Male

A

Male: stimulates sperm production by the testes and the formation of oestradiol (Sertoli cells)

29
Q

FSH function: Female

A

Female: in the ovaries stimulates growth and maturation of the follicle, ova production and secretion of oestradiol (granulosa cells)

30
Q

3 main groups of Gonadal steroid:

A
  • Progetins (progesterone
  • Oestrogens (oestradiol)
  • Androgens (testosterone)
31
Q

Where are gonadal steroids derived from?

A

Cholesterol​

32
Q

How many carbon atoms does progesterone have?

A

21

33
Q

How many carbon atoms does androgens have?

A

19

34
Q

How many carbon atoms does estrogens have?

A

18

35
Q

Hormones of the testes:

A

synthesis of hormones:
- synthesis hormones: androgens, mainly testosterone
- Peptide hormones: inhibin, activin

36
Q

Where is the principal site of androgen production?

A

Leydig cells within the testis

37
Q

4 types of androgens:

A
  1. 5a-dihydrotesterone
  2. testosterone
  3. androstenedione
  4. dehydroepiandrosterone
38
Q

Androgen functions:

A
  • induce and maintain the differentiation of male somatic tissues
  • induce secondary sex characteristics of males (deep voice, body hair, penile growth) and body hair of females
  • promote protein anabolism and somatic growth
  • support spermatogenisis
  • influence sexual and aggressive behavior
  • regulate the secretion of gonadotrophins
39
Q

Ovarian hormones:

A
  • oogenesis: production of gametes
  • synthesis of hormones

*Prior to ovulation both functions occur in a​ single structure, a ​follicle

40
Q

ovarian hormone: steroid hormones

A

oestrdiol and progesterone

41
Q

ovarian hormone: peptide hormone

A

inhibin

42
Q

3 main types of estrogen hormones:

A
  1. oestradiol
  2. oestriol
  3. oesterone
43
Q

Estrogen functions:

A

-stimulate growth and activity of mammary gland and endometrium
- prepare the uterus for spermatozoal transport
- prepare the endometrium for progestogen
- increase vascular permeability and tissue oedema
- regulate the ​secretion of gonadotrophins
- associated with sexual behavior
-stimulate secondary sex characteristics of females
- required for normal processes in the heart, muscles, bone, brain, and liver

44
Q

What 3 hormones make up progestogens?

A
  1. 17a-hydroxyprogesterone
  2. 20a- hydroxyprogesterone
  3. progesterone
45
Q

Progesterone functions:

A
  • regulate gonadotrophin secretion (-ve feedback
  • prepare the uterus to receive conceptus
    -depress uterine activity during pregnancy
    -stimulate the growth of mammary glands, but suppress the ​secretion of milk
  • promote the ​formation of non-penetrable cervical mucous
  • neuroprotective effects on CNS
46
Q

___ and ___ belong to the transforming growth factor Beta superfamily

A

inhibin and activin

47
Q

inhibin:

A
  • heterodimeric protein hormone secreted by granulosa cells of the ovary in females and Sertoli cells of the testis in males
  • downregulates FSH synthesis and​ inhibits FSH secretion
48
Q

Activin:

A
  • is produced in the gonads, pituitary gland, plaenta, and other organs
  • in the ovarian follicle, activin increases FSH binding and FSH induced aromatization
  • participates in androgen synthesis enhancing LH action in the ovary and testis
  • in the male, activin enhances spermatogenesis
49
Q

Prostaglandins are derived from?

A

archidonic acid

50
Q

Prostaglandins:

A
  • Formed in most tissues of the body
  • Type of PG varies on type of downstream enzyme present
  • Short half-life = 10 mins near site of synthesis
  • found in seminal vesicles - promote sperm motility
51
Q

What blocks prostaglandin synthesis?

A

NSAIDs

52
Q

Where are PGs produced?

A

uterus​: role in embryo implantation

fetal membranes: role in parturition

Reproduction (15 decks)

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