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Reproduction > 2.1 Male Reproductive Anatomy Pt.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Male Reproductive Anatomy Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the highlighted​ structure?

A

The testicles

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2
Q

What is located underneath the testicles?

A

The epididymis

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3
Q

What happens at the epididymis ?

A

Sperm gain the ​ability to become motile

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4
Q

Once the sperm travel through the epididymis where do they enter?

A

They enter a duct called the Vas deferens AKA duct deferens

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5
Q

What is this highlighted structure?

A

Vas deferes (aka duct deferens)

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6
Q

What happens at the vas deferent?

A

it is a tube that conveys the sperm from the testis up into the body of the penis

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7
Q

As the sperm travels through the vas deferens, what does it eventually meet?

A

3 accessory secretory glands
- produce the seminal plasma that the sperm are ejaculated in when they leave the male and enter the female tract

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8
Q

What shape is the body of the bulls penis?

A

S-shaped - sigmoid flexure​

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9
Q

How is the penis kept in an S shape?

A

By the double retractor penis muscle

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10
Q

When the penis becomes erect what happens to the refractor penis muscle?

A
  • It becomes relaxed​ and allows the penis to straighten
  • the tip comes out of the prepuce and goes toward the female
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11
Q

What is this structure?

A

The glands​ penis (tip)

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12
Q

2 functions of the testis?

A
  1. production and transmission of male genes (spermatozoa)
  2. production of reproductive hormones (androgens)
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13
Q

Testis consist of ___ tubules?

A

seminiferous tubules

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14
Q
A
  1. Testicular artery
  2. Epididymis
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15
Q

What are the male hormones?

A

androgen hormones

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16
Q

Within the seminiferous tubules =

A
  • sertoli cells present
  • sperm develope
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17
Q

Between the seminiferous tubules =

A
  • leydig cells present
  • androgens synthesized​
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18
Q

Sertoli cell moderates:

A

moderates the production of sperm

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19
Q

What is the main hormone produced between the seminiferous tubules?

A

testosterone

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20
Q

3 main phases of sperm production?

A
  • Miotic proliferation
  • Meiotic division
  • Cytodifferentiation
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20
Q

3 main phases of sperm production?

A
  • Miotic proliferation
  • Meiotic division
  • Cytodifferentiation
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21
Q

Sperm production: which phase(s) deals with cell division?

A
  1. Miotic proliferation
  2. Meitic divison
22
Q

Sperm production: which phase(s) modify the morphology or shape of sperm?

A

cytodifferentiation (spermiogenesis​)

23
Q

Mitotic Proliferation:

A

Produce multiple rounds of mitosis to give us a ​large number of developing sperm cells
- all early sperm cells are diploid (2 sets of chromosomes)

24
Q

meiotic phase:

A
  • generates genetic diversity between each one of the sperm cells
  • It also converts cells into haploid cells that now have half the number of chromosomes
  • Go from spermatocytes (1st round) to spermatids (2nd round)
25
Q

What shape are spermatid cells?

A

round

26
Q

What shape are mature spermatozoa cells?

A

Have a distinct​ head, midpiece, and a tail

27
Q

Cytodifferentiation:

A

-package genes for delivery to oocyte
- elongating spermatids –> spermatozoa

28
Q

Sertoli cell:

A
  • develop sperm attached to Sertoli cells via gap junctions
  • Control spermatogenesis
    -All are linked by gap junctions = coordinated wave of spermatogenesis​
29
Q

How do Sertoli cells control spermatogenesis?

A
  • transfer developmental proteins to spermocytes
  • remove material from elonging spermatids
  • mediate androgen hormone (testosterone) action
30
Q

which cell is responsible for producing testosterone?

A

leydig cell

31
Q

Testosterone phases from leading cells into:

A
  • blood (feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus)
  • seminiferous tubules
32
Q

sertoli cells convert testosterone to?

A

dihydrotestosterone

33
Q

Dihydrotesterone passes into ____ to stimulate?

A

passes into testicular fluid to stimulate male reproductive tract and spermatogenesis

34
Q

___ is essential for spermatogenesis?

A

androgens

35
Q

Pituitary hormones are essential for?

A

spematogenesis

36
Q

Hypothalamic - pituitary axis:

A
  • Hypothalamus produces, releases, and synthesizes Gonadotrophin​ (GnRH)
  • GnRH is transported to anterior pituitary via blood hypophyseal portal vessels

anterior pituitary secretes:
-Luteinising hormone (LH)
- Follicle stimulating​ hormone (FSH)

37
Q

removal of pituitary gland could cause:

A
  • testes shrink
  • no spermatogenesis
  • Leydig cells deteriorate
  • testosterone outputs fall
38
Q

administration of LH ( produced by anterior pituitary gland) can do what?

A

return function to normal - stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, this supports spermatogenesis​

39
Q

What is the difference between LH and FSH?

A

LH: increase in testosterone production

FSH: increase in the receptors for testosterone so that it can make an increase its action

40
Q

Castriaation:

A

removal of testis

41
Q

What does the removal of testis do?

A
  • stop sperm production
  • stops testosterone production
  • controls behaviour
42
Q

Castritation enables lambs / piglets to

A

grow larger before slaughter
**testerone affects taste

43
Q

Lamb castration:

A

rubber ring applied to the scrotum above the testicles
- constricts blood supply to the ​scrotum
-testis and drop off

44
Q

Canine castration:

A
  1. anesthesia
  2. skin incision of the scrotum
  3. remove connective tissue around testicle
  4. expose scrotum contents
    - testicle
    - epididymis
    - spermatic cord
45
Q

What does the spermatic cord consist of:

A
  • arteries and veins
  • vas deferens
  • nerves
  • Cremaster muscle

**Passes from the ​scrotum into the abdominal cavity via ing​uinal ring

46
Q

where does the testicular artery branch from?

A

aorta - below renal artery

47
Q

Where does the right testicular vein drain into?

A

inferior vena cava

48
Q

Where does the left testicular vein drain into?

A

left renal vein

49
Q

What are emasculators used for?

A

crush / clamp down the blood vessels to prevent blood loss

50
Q

Other ways to prevent blood loss?

A

ligate blood vessels

51
Q

Vasectomised rams:

A

used to bring ewes into season
- testis intact
-phermones

52
Q

Vasectomy:

A

cutting the vas deferens
- stops transmission of sperm
- maintains testosterone production

53
Q

What type of cells do the testis contain?

A

sertoli cells and leydig cells

Reproduction (15 decks)

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