23.6

Question 1

Successful ageing?

Answer 1

Changes due only to the ageing process, unaffected by disease, environmental or lifestyle factors.

Question 2

Usual ageing?

Answer 2

Changes associated with combined effects of ageing process, disease and adverse environment and lifestyle factors

Question 3

Frailty?

Answer 3

Multisystem dysregulation -> loss of dynamic homeostasis, decreased physiologic reserve and increased vulnerability for future morbidity and mortality

Question 4

Frailty is associated with low grade, ___ activation of the immune system, and abnormalities of the endocrine and coagulation systems.

Answer 4

Chronic
Chronic inflammatory state!
Unknown trigger

Question 5

There are 2 models of frailty: the ___ model and the ___ model.

Answer 5

Phenotype

Deficit

Question 6

Phenotype model?

Answer 6

Based on 5 criteria that can predict poor outcomes e.g. unintentional weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slow walking speed, low physical activity.

Question 7

Deficit model?

Answer 7

E.g. Canadian Clinical Frailty Scale - 70 item index of accumulated deficits, gold standard for research but not practical for clinical applications

Question 8

Molecular markers of chronic inflammation in ageing

Answer 8

Neopterin
IL-6
CRP
TNFalpha

Question 9

In sarcopenia, there is more loss of type ___ fibres compared to type ___ fibres. What’s the difference between the 2 types?

Answer 9

Type 2 fibre loss&raquo_space;> type 1 fibre loss!
Type 2 = fast twitch for fine, precise and rapid movement
Type 1 = slow twitch for gross, sustained motor movement

Question 10

In sarcopenia there is a similar decline in strength for ___ AND ___ limb muscles.

Answer 10

Proximal AND distal is similar decline

Question 11

Muscle weakness in sarcopenia correlates with loss of muscle ___.

Answer 11

Mass

Question 12

The most common geriatric syndrome is ___.

Answer 12

Frailty