23.2

Question 1

phylogenetic approaches

Answer 1

-cladistics
-statistical approaches
-molecular clock

Question 2

cladistics approach

Answer 2

relies on the principle of parsimony
-derived
-ancestral
must polarize characters (derived or ancestral)

Question 3

parsimony

Answer 3

the phylogeny that requires the fewest evolutionary events is considered to be the best hypothesis of the relationship between the taxa being studied

Question 4

derived

Answer 4

similarity between species that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor

Question 5

ancestral

Answer 5

similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor

Question 6

homoplasy

Answer 6

refers to a shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor-can result from convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal
*complicates cladistic analyses

Question 7

molecular clock

Answer 7

most phylogenies do not provide information about the timing of evolutionary events
-models have been developed which estimate timeframe of species divergence based on rates which DNA mutations occur

Question 8

statistical approaches

Answer 8

newer methods have been developed which allow independent assumptions to be made about the rate at which different characters in the analysis evolve