2.3: Energy and ATP

Question 1

All living organisms require energy in order to remain alive.
Where does this energy initially come from?

Answer 1

This energy comes initially from the Sun

Question 2

All living organisms require energy in order to remain alive.
This energy comes initially from the Sun.
Plants use solar energy to do what?

Answer 2

Plants use solar energy to combine:
1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
into complex organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis

Question 3

All living organisms require energy in order to remain alive.
This energy comes initially from the Sun.
Plants use solar energy to combine water and carbon dioxide into complex organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis.
Both plants and animals then do what to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Answer 3

Both:
1. Plants
2. Animals
then oxidise these organic molecules to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 4

All living organisms require energy in order to remain alive.
This energy comes initially from the Sun.
Plants use solar energy to combine water and carbon dioxide into complex organic molecules by the process of photosynthesis.
Both plants and animals then oxidise these organic molecules to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as the main energy source to carry out what within cells?

Answer 4

Both:
1. Plants
2. Animals
then oxidise these organic molecules to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as the main energy source to carry out processes within cells

Question 5

You cannot ‘make’ or ‘produce’ energy.

Energy can only be what and it can be what?

Answer 5

Energy can only be transformed from one type to another and it can be:
1. Transferred
Or,
2. Released

Question 6

The structure of ATP:

How many parts does ATP have?

Answer 6

ATP has 3 parts:

1. Adenine
2. Ribose
3. A chain of 3 phosphate groups

Question 7

The structure of ATP:

ATP has 3 parts: Adenine - A what, ribose and a chain of 3 phosphate groups?

Answer 7

ATP has 3 parts:

1. Adenine - A nitrogen-containing organic base
2. Ribose
3. A chain of 3 phosphate groups

Question 8

The structure of ATP:
ATP has 3 parts: Adenine - A nitrogen-containing organic base, ribose - A what sugar molecule that acts as the what, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups?

Answer 8

ATP has 3 parts:

1. Adenine - A nitrogen-containing organic base
2. Ribose - A pentose sugar that acts as the backbone to which the other parts are attached
3. A chain of 3 phosphate groups

Question 9

ATP is the what currency?

Answer 9

ATP is the universal energy currency

Question 10

ATP is a store of what energy?

Answer 10

ATP is a store of chemical potential energy

Question 11

ATP is a store of chemical potential energy.

ATP is what to release what?

Answer 11

ATP is hydrolysed to release chemical energy

Question 12

ATP is a store of chemical potential energy.

ATP is hydrolysed to release chemical energy that can be used where?

Answer 12

ATP is hydrolysed to release chemical energy that can be used in:

1. Reactions
2. Processes

Question 13

When ATP is hydrolysed to form what, how much energy is released?

Answer 13

When ATP is hydrolysed to form:
1. ADP
2. Inorganic phosphate
,30.5 kJ of energy are released

Question 14

How many main types of biological processes require energy?

Answer 14

3 main types of biological processes require energy:

1. Synthesis
2. Transport
3. Movement

Question 15

3 main types of biological processes require energy: Synthesis - The building of what from smaller molecules, transport and movement?

Answer 15

3 main types of biological processes require energy:

1. Synthesis - The building of large, complex molecules from smaller molecules
2. Transport
3. Movement

Question 16

3 main types of biological processes require energy: Synthesis - The building of large, complex molecules from smaller molecules, transport - Doing what by active transport and movement?

Answer 16

3 main types of biological processes require energy:

1. Synthesis - The building of large, complex molecules from smaller molecules
2. Transport - Pumping molecules or ions across the membrane by active transport
3. Movement

Question 17

3 main types of biological processes require energy: Synthesis - The building of large, complex molecules from smaller molecules, transport - Pumping molecules or ions across the membrane by active transport and movement - What require energy to contract?

Answer 17

3 main types of biological processes require energy:

1. Synthesis - The building of large, complex molecules from smaller molecules
2. Transport - Pumping molecules or ions across the membrane by active transport
3. Movement - Protein muscle fibres in muscle cells require energy to contract

Question 18

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide and has 3 phosphate groups.
These 3 phosphate groups are key to what?

Answer 18

These 3 phosphate groups are key to how ATP stores energy

Question 19

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide and has 3 phosphate groups.
These 3 phosphate groups are key to how ATP stores energy.
The bonds between these phosphate groups are what and so have what?

Answer 19

The bonds between these phosphate groups:

1. Are unstable
2. So have a low activation energy

Question 20

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide and has 3 phosphate groups.
These 3 phosphate groups are key to how ATP stores energy.
The bonds between these phosphate groups are unstable and so have a low activation energy, which means that they are what?

Answer 20

The bonds between these phosphate groups:
1. Are unstable
2. So have a low activation energy
,which means that they are easily broken

Question 21

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide and has 3 phosphate groups.
These 3 phosphate groups are key to how ATP stores energy.
The bonds between these phosphate groups are unstable and so have a low activation energy, which means that they are easily broken.
When they do break, they release what?

Answer 21

When they do break, they release a considerable amount of energy

Question 22

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide and has 3 phosphate groups.
These 3 phosphate groups are key to how ATP stores energy.
The bonds between these phosphate groups are unstable and so have a low activation energy, which means that they are easily broken.
When they do break, they release a considerable amount of energy.
As water is used to convert ATP to what, this is known as a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 22

As water is used to convert:
1. ATP
to
2. ADP
,this is known as a hydrolysis reaction

Question 23

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide and has 3 phosphate groups.
These 3 phosphate groups are key to how ATP stores energy.
The bonds between these phosphate groups are unstable and so have a low activation energy, which means that they are easily broken.
When they do break, they release a considerable amount of energy.
As water is used to convert ATP to ADP, this is known as a hydrolysis reaction.
What is the reaction catalysed by?

Answer 23

The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase (ATPase)

Question 24

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide and has 3 phosphate groups.
These 3 phosphate groups are key to how ATP stores energy.
The bonds between these phosphate groups are unstable and so have a low activation energy, which means that they are easily broken.
When they do break, they release a considerable amount of energy.
As water is used to convert ATP to ADP, this is known as a hydrolysis reaction.
The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase (ATPase).
ATP is resynthesized how?

Answer 24

ATP is resynthesized in condensation reactions

Question 25

The chemical equation for the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 25

The chemical equation for the hydrolysis of ATP is: | ATP + H2O ---> ADP + An inorganic phosphate + Energy

Question 26

The conversion of ATP to ADP is a what reaction?

Answer 26

``` The conversion of: 1. ATP to 2. ADP is a reversible reaction ```

Question 27

The conversion of ATP to ADP is a reversible reaction and therefore energy can be used to do what to re-form ATP according to the reverse of the equation?

Answer 27

The conversion of ATP to ADP is a reversible reaction and therefore energy can be used to add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to re-form ATP according to the reverse of the equation

Question 28

The conversion of ATP to ADP is a reversible reaction and therefore energy can be used to add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to re-form ATP according to the reverse of the equation. What is this reaction catalysed by?

Answer 28

This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP synthase

Question 29

The conversion of ATP to ADP is a reversible reaction and therefore energy can be used to add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to re-form ATP according to the reverse of the equation. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP synthase. As water is removed in this process, what is the reaction known as?

Answer 29

As water is removed in this process, the reaction is known as a condensation reaction

Question 30

What does the synthesis of ATP from ADP involve?

Answer 30

``` The synthesis of: 1. ATP from 2. ADP involves the addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP ```

Question 31

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP what?

Answer 31

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP: 1. A good energy donor 2. Not a good long-term energy store

Question 32

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP a good energy donor and not a good long-term energy store. What serve this purpose far better?

Answer 32

1. Fats 2. Carbohydrates serve this purpose of energy storage far better

Question 33

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP a good energy donor and not a good long-term energy store. Fats and carbohydrates, such as what, serve this purpose of energy storage far better?

Answer 33

1. Fats 2. Carbohydrates, such as glycogen ,serve this purpose of energy storage far better

Question 34

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP a good energy donor and not a good long-term energy store. Fats and carbohydrates, such as glycogen, serve this purpose of energy storage far better. ATP is therefore what?

Answer 34

ATP is therefore the immediate energy source of a cell

Question 35

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP a good energy donor and not a good long-term energy store. Fats and carbohydrates, such as glycogen, serve this purpose of energy storage far better. ATP is therefore the immediate energy source of a cell. As a result, cells do not store what?

Answer 35

As a result, cells do not store large quantities of ATP

Question 36

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP a good energy donor and not a good long-term energy store. Fats and carbohydrates, such as glycogen, serve this purpose of energy storage far better. ATP is therefore the immediate energy source of a cell. As a result, cells do not store large quantities of ATP, but rather just maintain a few seconds' supply. The hydrolysis of ATP releases what, ideal for fuelling reactions in the body?

Answer 36

The hydrolysis of ATP releases a small amount of energy, ideal for fuelling reactions in the body

Question 37

ATP releases its energy how in a single reaction?

Answer 37

ATP releases its energy instantly in a single reaction

Question 38

The instability of ATP's phosphate bonds makes ATP a good energy donor and not a good long-term energy store. Fats and carbohydrates, such as glycogen, serve this purpose of energy storage far better. ATP is therefore the immediate energy source of a cell. As a result, cells do not store large quantities of ATP, but rather just maintain a few seconds' supply. Why is this not a problem?

Answer 38

This is not a problem, because ATP is rapidly re-formed from: 1. ADP 2. Inorganic phosphate and so a little goes a long way

Question 39

ATP is a better immediate energy source than glucose for the following reasons: 1. Each ATP molecules releases what than each glucose molecule?

Answer 39

Each ATP molecules releases less energy than each glucose molecule

Question 40

ATP is a better immediate energy source than glucose for the following reasons: 1. Each ATP molecules releases less energy than each glucose molecule. This energy for reactions is therefore released in what quantities?

Answer 40

This energy for reactions is therefore released in: 1. Smaller 2. More manageable quantities

Question 41

ATP is a better immediate energy source than glucose for the following reasons: 1. Each ATP molecules releases less energy than each glucose molecule. This energy for reactions is therefore released in smaller, more manageable quantities, rather than the what release of energy from a glucose molecule?

Answer 41

This energy for reactions is therefore released in smaller, more manageable quantities, rather than the: 1. Much greater 2. Therefore less manageable release of energy from a glucose molecule

Question 42

ATP is a better immediate energy source than glucose for the following reasons: 1. Each ATP molecules releases less energy than each glucose molecule. This energy for reactions is therefore released in smaller, more manageable quantities, rather than the much greater and therefore less manageable release of energy from a glucose molecule. 2. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases what energy?

Answer 42

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy

Question 43

ATP is a better immediate energy source than glucose for the following reasons: 1. Each ATP molecules releases less energy than each glucose molecule. This energy for reactions is therefore released in smaller, more manageable quantities, rather than the much greater and therefore less manageable release of energy from a glucose molecule. 2. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy. However, the breakdown of glucose is a what and therefore what takes longer?

Answer 43

The breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions and therefore the energy release takes longer

Question 44

ATP cannot be stored and so has to be what?

Answer 44

ATP cannot be stored and so has to be continually made within the mitochondria of cells that need it

Question 45

ATP cannot be stored and so has to be continually made within the mitochondria of cells that need it. Cells, such as what, which require energy for what, possess many large mitochondria?

Answer 45

Cells, such as muscle fibres and the epithelium of the small intestine, which require energy for: 1. Movement 2. Active transport respectively, possess many large mitochondria

Question 46

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including what?

Answer 46

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including: 1. Metabolic processes 2. Movement 3. Active transport 4. Secretion 5. Activation of molecules

Question 47

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 1. Metabolic processes: ATP provides the energy needed to build up what from their basic units?

Answer 47

ATP provides the energy needed to build up macromolecules from their basic units

Question 48

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 1. Metabolic processes: ATP provides the energy needed to build up macromolecules from their basic units. Example

Answer 48

For example, making: 1. Starch from glucose Or, 2. Polypeptides from amino acids

Question 49

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 2. Movement: ATP provides the energy for what?

Answer 49

ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction

Question 50

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 2. Movement: ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction. In muscle contraction, ATP provides the energy for the what of muscle to do what?

Answer 50

In muscle contraction, ATP provides the energy for the filaments of muscle to slide past one another

Question 51

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 2. Movement: ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction. In muscle contraction, ATP provides the energy for the filaments of muscle to slide past one another and therefore shorten what?

Answer 51

In muscle contraction, ATP provides the energy for the filaments of muscle to: 1. Slide past one another 2. Therefore shorten the overall length of a muscle fibre

Question 52

ATP is what during reactions that release energy and ATP is what for reactions that require it?

Answer 52

ATP is: 1. Synthesised during reactions that release energy 2. Hydrolysed to provide energy for reactions that require it

Question 53

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 3. Active transport: ATP provides the energy to do what in plasma membranes?

Answer 53

ATP provides the energy to change the shape of carrier proteins in plasma membranes

Question 54

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 3. Active transport: ATP provides the energy to change the shape of carrier proteins in plasma membranes. What does this allow?

Answer 54

``` This allows: 1. Molecules Or, 2. Ions to be moved against a concentration gradient ```

Question 55

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. 4. Secretion: ATP is needed to form the what necessary for what?

Answer 55

ATP is needed to form the lysosomes necessary for the secretion of cell products

Question 56

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. Activation of molecules: 1. The inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to lower what in what?

Answer 56

The inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to lower the activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions

Question 57

ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells including metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules. Activation of molecules: 1. The inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to lower the activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions. Example

Answer 57

For example, the addition of phosphate to glucose molecules at the start of glycolysis

Question 58

Glycolysis

Answer 58

Glycolysis is the first part of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down anaerobically in the cytoplasm

Question 59

The properties of ATP: | 1. ATP is what, so it is easy to move about, in and out of cells?

Answer 59

ATP is small, so it is easy to move about: 1. In 2. Out of cells

Question 60

The properties of ATP: 1. ATP is small, so it is easy to move about, in and out of cells. 2. ATP is what, so energy-requiring processes can occur where?

Answer 60

ATP is water-soluble, so energy-requiring processes can occur in aqueous environments

Question 61

The properties of ATP: 1. ATP is small, so it is easy to move about, in and out of cells. 2. ATP is water-soluble, so energy-requiring processes can occur in aqueous environments. 3. ATP releases in small quantities - Large enough to do what, but not too large that what happens?

Answer 61

ATP releases in small quantities - 1. Large enough to be useful in cellular reactions ,but 2. Not too large that energy is wasted as heat

Question 62

The properties of ATP: 1. ATP is small, so it is easy to move about, in and out of cells. 2. ATP is water-soluble, so energy-requiring processes can occur in aqueous environments. 3. ATP releases in small quantities - Large enough to be useful in cellular reactions, but not too large that energy is wasted as heat. 4. ATP is easily what, because it can be what with energy?

Answer 62

ATP is easily regenerated, because it can be recharged with energy