2.3-2.6 Flashcards
the collaborative gene
Collaboration Gene means any Identified Gene presented with its homolog
chromosomes
which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
they come in 23pairs
XX for female
XY for male
DNA
A complex molecule that contains genetic information.
genes
units of hereditary information composed of DNA.
* Help cells to reproduce themselves.
* Manufacture the proteins that maintain life.
major approaches to gene identification and discovery
genome-wide association method, linkage analysis, next-generation sequencing
genome-wide association method
used to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease, such as obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease, or Alzheimer’s diseases
linkage analysis
in which the goal is to discover the location of a gene (or genes) in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known), which is often used to search for disease-related genes
Next-generation sequencing
is a term used to describe the vast increase in genetic data
generated at a much-reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time than in the past
mitosis
Cellular reproduction in which the
cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new
cells being formed, each containing the same
DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same
23 pairs of chromosomes
meiosis
A specialized form of cell division
that occurs to form eggs and sperm (also
known as gametes).
fertilization
A stage in reproduction when an
egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell,
called a zygote
zygote
cell formed through fertilization
identical twins
or (monozygotic twins), a single zygote splits
into two genetically identical replicas and become two
individuals.
fraternal twins
(or dizygotic twins), two eggs fertilized by
different sperm create two nonidentical zygotes as genetically
similar as ordinary siblings
mutated gene
changes to your DNA sequence that happen during cell division when your cells make copies of themselves.
susceptibility gene
genes that make the individual more
vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging.
Longevity genes
genes that make the individual less vulnerable
to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age
genotype
a person’s genetic material
phenotype
how an individual’s genotype is expressed in
observable and measurable physical and psychological
characteristics.
dominant- recessive genes principals
if the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is the dominant gene. The effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.
example: the mother’s eye color is green and the father’s eye color is blue if the child’s eyes were green it means that the allele of the green color id dominant and the blue is recessive
sex-linked genes
refers to characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes
the disease can be carried on the X or Y chromosomes
genetic imprinting
Genetic imprinting occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the gene is passed on by
mother or father.
polygenic inheritance
Many different genes interacting, plus environmental influences, determine a characteristic or developing the disease
gene-gene interaction
the effect of one gene on a disease modified by another gene or several other genes
down syndrome
extra chromosome in the 21
-physical abnormalities
-intellectual disability
Klinefelter syndrome
extra X chromosome -XXY-
-physical abnormalities
fragile X syndrome
abnormality in the X chromosome
-intellectual abnormalities
-learning disabilities
- short attention span
turner syndrome
X0 missing X chromosome in females
- intellectual disability
-sexual underdevelopment.
XYY syndrome
an extra Y chromosome
-above-average height.
gene linked abnormalities
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