1.8-1.13

Question 1

psychoanalytic theories

Answer 1

-Freud (5 stages)
-Erikson (8 stages )

Question 2

Freud 5 stages

Answer 2

-oral stage: birth to 1.5year ( pleasure center is the mouth)
-anal stage: 1.5 to 3 years ( pleasure center is the anus)
-phallic stage: 3 to 6 years ( pleasure center on genitals)
-latency stage: 6 to puberty ( repress sexual interests and focus on intellectual skills)
-genital stage: puberty onward ( the sexual interest becomes in someone outside the family)

Question 3

Erikson 8 stages

Answer 3

• Trust versus mistrust: first year of infancy.
• Autonomy versus shame and doubt: 1 to 3 years.
• Initiative versus guilt: 3 to 5 years.
• Industry versus inferiority: 6 years to puberty.
• Identity versus identity confusion: 10 to 20 years.
• Intimacy versus isolation: twenties and thirties.
• Generativity versus stagnation: forties and fifties.
• Integrity versus despair: sixties to death.

Question 4

criticism of the psychoanalytic theories

Answer 4

-lack of scientific support
-focuses more on the sexual side
-shows the person in a negative state

Question 5

cognitive theories

Answer 5

-Piaget’s theory
- Vygotsky’s theory

Question 6

Piaget’s 4 stages

Answer 6

• Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years of age).
• Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years of age).
• Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years of age).
• Formal operational stage (11 years of age through adulthood.)

Question 7

Vygotsky’s theory + information processing theory

Answer 7

is a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

++The information-processing theory emphasizes that
individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.

Question 8

criticism about the cognitive theory

Answer 8

• Skepticism about the pureness of Piaget’s stages.
  *poor attention to individual variations

Question 9

behavioral and social cognitive theories

Answer 9

• skinner’s operant conditioning
  -bandura’s social cognitive theory

Question 10

skinner’s operant conditionning

Answer 10

The development consists of a pattern of behavioral changes
brought about by rewards and punishments

Question 11

bandura’s social cognitive theory

Answer 11

• Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key
  factors in development.
• Relations between behavior, person/cognitive, and environmental factors are reciprocal.
• Using forethought, individuals guide and motivate themselves by
  creating action plans, formulating goals, and visualizing positive
  outcomes of their actions.