22.3 Cloning in animals

Question 1

in which animal is natural animal cloning more common in?

Answer 1

invertebrates

Question 2

what is the main form vertebrate cloning?

Answer 2

formation of monozygotic twins

Question 3

how are monozygotic twins formed?

Answer 3

the embryo splits to form 2 separate embryos

Question 4

what are the 2 methods of artificial animal cloning?

Answer 4

artificial embryo twinning
somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 5

how does artificial embryo twinning work?

Answer 5

the early embyro is manually split to form 2 or more foetuses

Question 6

why is articial twinning done by the farming community?

Answer 6

used to produce the maximum offspring from cattle

Question 7

what is the first stage of artificial twinning?

Answer 7

a cow with the desirable characteristics is treated with hormones which causes it to super ovulate and produce more mature ova

Question 8

what is the second stage of artificial twinning?

Answer 8

the ova is fertilised either naturally or by insemination to produce an embryo

then the early embryos are removed from the uterus

Question 9

what is the third stage of artificial twinning?

Answer 9

the early embryos are then split to produce several smaller embryos on a petri dish

Question 10

what is the fourth stage of artificial twinning?

Answer 10

the split embryos are grown in the lab for a few days before being implanted in different surrogate mother

Question 11

what is the final stage of artificial twinning?

Answer 11

the embryos develop into foetuses and then born naturally by the surrogate mothers

Question 12

artifical twinning summary

Answer 12

Question 13

artificial twinning summary

Answer 13

Question 14

what is SCNT?

Answer 14

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 15

what is a somatic cell?

Answer 15

any cell not involved in reproduction

Question 16

what is the first stage of SCNT?

Answer 16

nucleus is removed from a somatic cell of an adult animal

Question 17

what is the second stage of SCNT?

Answer 17

the nucleus is removed from mature egg cell from a different female animal

this cell is now enucleated

Question 18

what is the third stage of SCNT?

Answer 18

the nucleus from the adult somatic cell is placed in the enucleated ovum and then a shock is produced causing fusion snd then division

Question 19

what is the fourth stage of SCNT?

Answer 19

the embryo develops and is then tranferred into uteris of a surrogate animal

Question 20

what is the final stage of SCNT?

Answer 20

the surrogate gives birth to animal which is a clone of the animal which gave the somatic cell nucleus

Question 21

how can SCNT be used?

Answer 21

used in pharming

used to produce GM animals which grow organs used for human transplants

Question 22

what is pharming?

Answer 22

production of animals which have been genetically engineered to produce human proteins in their milk

Question 23

what are the main uses for animal cloning?

Answer 23

research purposes

agriculture

clone genetically-engineered animals

save animals from extinction

Question 24

research purposes

Answer 24

by cloning an animal, the effects of drugs can be seen by testing drugs on a cloned animal and comparing with the original

Question 25

agriculture

Answer 25

cloning can be used to increase the number of animals with desirable characteristics

Question 26

clone genetically-engineered animals

Answer 26

used to increase the number of genetically modified animals to produce a specific substance

Question 27

save animals from extinction

Answer 27

by cloning an endangered animal, you increase their population which allows them to reproduce

Question 28

advs for animal cloning

Answer 28

• allows for high-yield farming with animals able to produce more offspring
• increases success of desired gene being passed on to offspring
• animals can be cloned for performance reasons
• rare or endangered species of animal can be reproduced to increase numbers

Question 29

disv for animal cloning

Answer 29

• SCNT is inefficient as it requires many eggs for it to be successful
• many deformed embryos are produced = waste ETHICAL ISSUE
• clones normally have a shortened lifespan
• hasnt actually been successful in increasing the population of endangered species