21.3 Using DNA sequencing Flashcards
what is bioinformatics?
development of software and computing tools used to analayse raw biological data
use of algorithms to deal with large amounts of data
what is computational biology?
study of biology using computational techniques such as analysing large amounts of biodata
how is computational biology used to make 3D structures?
it uses data from bioinformatics to form 3D structures of proteins
why is computational biology useful?
allows us to identify genes linked to specific diseases im populations
allows us to see the evolutionary lonks between organisms
what us genomics?
the use of DNA sequencing and computational biology to analyse the structure of genomes
how are computers used to analyse the human genome?
they are used to analyse and compare genomes of individuals and reveal patterns in DNA a diseases we inherit
what genome-wide comparisons are made?
analysing the human genome
analysing the genomes of pathogens
identifying species
identifying evolutionary relationships
what does the sequencing of genomes allow for?
- doctors to find the source of infections
- doctors to find the the antibiotic-resistant strands of bacteria
- scientists to track the progress of an outbreak
- scientists to identify regions of the genome of pathogens to use as targets for new drugs and medicines
what is DNA barcoding?
identifying differences between particular sections if the genome that are common to all species
what section of the genome is used for identifying animals?
a section of mitochondrial DNA which codes for an enzyme used in respiration
what section of the genome is used for identifying plants?
regions in the DNA of chloroplasts
why is the barcode system flawed?
fungi and bacteria cannot be identified
how is DNA sequencing used to identify evolutionary links?
the differences in DNA sequences can be compared between organisms
how can the time of divergence in a species be calculated?
by finding the basic mutation rate of DNA
allows scientists to find out how long ago a species diverged from a common ancestor
what is proteomics?
the study and amino acid sequencing of an organism’s entire protein complement
why is DNA sequencing flawed for identifying the amino acid sequence?
many amino acids code for the same protein
some genes can code for many proteins
why do spliceosomes lead to the production of many proteins?
the pre mRNA has it’s exons removed
spliceosomes are then used to join together the exon strands removed
these exon strands can be joined together in any order
therefore many variants of the same gene can be produced
therefore different arrangements of amino acids
what are the reasons why the relationship between the genotype and phenotype is complex?
spliceosomes
protein modification
why does protein modification lead to different proteins?
many proteins are modified by other proteins
they can be shortened or lengthened
means a variety of proteins are produced
so different sequences of amino acids
what is synthetic biology?
the design and construction of artificial biological pathways, organisms and devices
what are the examples of synthetic biology techniques?
- genetic engineering
- use of biological instruments in industry
- synthesis of new genes to replace faulty genes
- synthesis of new organisms
what does genetic engineering entail?
either a single change in the biological pathway of an organism
or
a major genetic modification of an entire organism
how are biological systems used in industry?
the use of immobilised enzymes
producing drugs from microorganisms
what is pyrosequencing?
increases rate of DNA sequencing
