22.3 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?

Answer 1

(CH2O)n

Question 2

Define carbohydrate

Answer 2

A biomolecule having the general formula of (CH2O)n

Question 3

How can we identify a carbohydrate structurally?

Answer 3

As a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone

Question 4

What are carbohydrates responsible for in living organisms?

Answer 4

Short storage of energy

Make up the main structural component of plants

Question 5

____ is a six-carbon aldehyde (that is, it contains the -CHO group) with -OH groups on five of the six carbon atoms

Answer 5

glucose

Question 6

what causes glucose to be soluble in water (and therefore blood) which is crucial to glucose’s role as the primary fuel of cells?

Answer 6

the many -OH groups (which exist on five of the six carbon atoms)

Question 7

what two ways can carbohydrates be broadly classified?

Answer 7

simple carbohydrates (or simple sugars) and complex carbohydrates

Question 8

define monosaccharides

Answer 8

a simple carbohydrate containing 3 to 8 carbon atoms, with only one aldehyde or ketone group
(“one sugar”)

Question 9

how do you name a monosaccharide (general)?

Answer 9

prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms + suffix -ose (ex. 3-carbon sugar: triose)

Question 10

what are the two most common carbohydrates in living organisms?

Answer 10

pentoses and hexoses

Question 11

glucose is what monosaccaride?

Answer 11

hexose

Question 12

define aldose

Answer 12

a sugar that is an aldehyde

a sugar with one aldehyde group

Question 13

when you combine the two ways of designating sugars what is glucose called?

Answer 13

aldohexose

Question 14

a common carbohydrate is ____, which is a polyhydroxy ketone

Answer 14

fructose

Question 15

glucose and fructose are _____ (or______) isomers

Answer 15

constitutional
structural
(ie they both have the same formula (C6H12O6) but have different structures)

Question 16

fructose is a _____, a sugar that is a ketone

Answer 16

ketose

Question 17

since fructose has 6 carbon atoms, it is a _____

Answer 17

ketohexose

Question 18

monosaccharides contain _____ centers

Answer 18

chiral

Question 19

for monosaccharides absolute configurations can be denoted using _____ _____

Answer 19

fischer projections

Question 20

define Fischer Projections

Answer 20

a way to represent the absolute configurations of molecules usually monosaccharides

Question 21

in fischer projections the horizontal bonds are projected ____ the viewer and the vertical bonds are projected ______ from the viewer

Answer 21

toward

away

Question 22

most five- and six-carbon monosaccharides undergo intremolecular reactions that cause what?

Answer 22

the reactions convert their stright carbon chain into a ring

Question 23

for a five- and six-carbon monosaccharides which groups react intermolecularly in order to from a ring?

Answer 23

one of the alcohol groups with and the aldehyde or ketone group

Question 24

two monosaccharides can link together via ____ to form a disaccharide.

Answer 24

glycosidic linkage

Question 25

define disaccharide

Answer 25

a carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides

a carbohydrate that can be decomposed into two simple sugars

Question 26

define glycosidic linkage

Answer 26

a bond between carbohydrates that results from a dehydration reaction

Question 27

when we eat disaccharides, the link between individual monosacchairdes is broken during digestion by ______

Answer 27

hydrolysis

Question 28

define hydrolysis

Answer 28

the splitting of a chemical bond with water, that results in the addition of H and OH to the products