22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species Flashcards
Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvierʹs attempt to explain the existence of
A) evolution.
B) the fossil record.
C) uniformitarianism.
D) the origin of new species.
E) natural selection.
B) the fossil record.
Which of the events described below agrees with the idea of catastrophism?
A) The gradual uplift of the Himalayas by the collision of the Australian crustal plate with the Eurasian crustal plate
B) The formation of the Grand Canyon by the Colorado River over millions of years
C) The gradual deposition of sediments many kilometers thick on the floors of seas and oceans
D) The sudden demise of the dinosaurs, and various other groups, by the impact of a large extraterrestrial body with Earth
E) The development of the Galapagos Islands from underwater seamounts over millions of years
D) The sudden demise of the dinosaurs, and various other groups, by the impact of a large extraterrestrial body with Earth
3) What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?
A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.
B) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations gradually change.
C) Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change.
D) Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.
E) Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.
A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, ʺThe giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves its offspring inherited longer necks as a result.ʺ Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this studentʹs misconception?
A) Characteristics acquired during an organismʹs life are generally not passed on through genes.
B) Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.
C) Only favorable adaptations have survival value.
D) Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.
E) Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival.
A) Characteristics acquired during an organismʹs life are generally not passed on through genes.
Which group is composed entirely of individuals who maintained that species are fixed (i.e., unchanging)?
A) Aristotle, Cuvier, and Lamarck
B) Linnaeus, Cuvier, and Lamarck
C) Lyell, Linnaeus, and Lamarck
D) Aristotle, Linnaeus, and Cuvier
E) Hutton, Lyell, and Darwin
D) Aristotle, Linnaeus, and Cuvier
In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenkoʹs attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of
A) Cuvier.
B) Hutton.
C) Lamarck.
D) Darwin.
E) Plato
C) Lamarck.
The following questions refer to Figure 22.1, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D.
Who would have proposed that the boundaries between each stratum mark the occurrence of different localized floods?
A) Lyell
B) Cuvier
C) Hutton
D) Darwin
E) Lamarck
B) Cuvier
Which pair would have been likely to agree that strata such as those depicted here were deposited gradually over long periods of time by subtle mechanisms that are still at work?
A) Cuvier and Aristotle
B) Cuvier and Lamarck
C) Lyell and Linnaeus
D) Aristotle and Hutton
E) Hutton and Lyell
E) Hutton and Lyell
The study of fossils, known as _____, was largely developed by French scientist _____ who speculated that strata represent catastrophic events.
paleontology, George Cuvier
Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through _____ and _____ of body parts, which are unsupported by evidence.
use, disuse
The nested classification system developed by Carolus Linnaeus groups similar species into increasingly _____ categories and uses a _____ format for naming species.
inclusive, binomial
James Hutton and Charles Lyell’s view that changes in Earth’s surface result from slow continuous actions influenced Darwin’s thinking about _____ over time.
evolution
The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore _____, while Aristotle believed that species were _____ .
perfect, unchanging
The phrase ‘scala naturae’ refers to Aristotle’s arrangement of species on a scale of increasing _____, reflecting his belief in fixed species.
complexity
Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?
A. Aristotle
B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
D. Carolus Linnaeus
B. Charles Darwin
What is the title of Charles Darwin’s famous book published in 1859?
A. The Descent of Man
B. Natural Selection and Evolution
C. On the Origin of Species
D. Scala Naturae
C. On the Origin of Species
