Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A-Level PE- Paper 2 > 2.2- Sports Psychology- Individual Differences > Flashcards

2.2- Sports Psychology- Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that affect sport performance?

A

Personality, sport type, attitude, motivation, prep, confidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Personality (Hollander)

A

the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual, which make humans unique.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Theories of Personality

A

Trait, social learning, interactionist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Trait Theory

A

A theory of personality that suggests we inherit personality from parental genes and behaviour is innate, enduring, consistent and stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Equation for trait theory

A

Behaviour= function of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Theories within Trait theory

A

Personality Types

Narrow Band Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Narrow Band Theory (Girdano)

A

Two types of people:

Type A- impatient, intolerant, high levels of stress

Type B- relaxed, tolerant, lower personal stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Unpleasant state of emotional arousal. Negative emotional state linked with fears and worries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 types of anxiety

A

State- felt in certain situations

Somatic-physical changes such as sweaty palms

Cognitive-emotional state, in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Personality types (Eysneck & Cattell)

A

suggested there are 4 personality types:

Extrovert + stable

Extrovert + neurotic

Introvert + stable

Introvert + neurotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Personality types (Eysneck & Cattell)

A

suggested there are 4 personality types:

Extrovert + stable

Extrovert + neurotic

Introvert + stable

Introvert + neurotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extrovert

A

an outgoing person, confident, suited to team sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Introvert

A

a shy person, quiet, prefers individuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stable

A

not easily changed, calm, consistent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neurotic

A

an emotionally unstable person; inconsistent, flighty and changeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Social Learning Theory of Personality

A

personality traits are not just inherited, they are also acquired through social learning. This occurs in environmental experiences and other influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

equation for social learning theory

A

B = f(E)

behaviour = function of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

drawback of social learning theory

A

does not take into account genetically inherited factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Interactionist approach

A

developed by Hollander (1967)

Behaviour occurs from the influence of inherited traits and learned experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

equation for interactionist approach

A

B= F (PxE) our behaviour is a function of both the person (personality) and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 levels that interact to form personality

A

psychological core -> Typical Response -> Role-related behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Psychological core

A

-The most basic level of your personality.

-Includes your attitudes and values, interests and motives, and beliefs about yourself and your self worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Typical response

A

The way one typically adjusts or responds to the environment and how the psychological core influences environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Role-related behaviour

A

how you act based on what you perceive your social situation to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Motivation
the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour
26
What does motivation include?
Inner drive, external pressures and intensity of behaviour
27
Intrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behaviour effectively for its own sake- pride, enjoyment, muscular sensuousness
28
muscular sensuousness
the feeling of a movement
29
Extrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment- prize, trophy, money, pressure
30
Arousal
a physical and mental state of alertness and readiness. Can be both positive and negative
31
Physiological arousal
excitation of the body's internal state- sweaty palms, increase in HR, breathing and temperature
32
Psychological arousal
affects emotions- anger, aggression, anxiety.
33
Drive Theory
As arousal increases so does performance
34
Drive theory drawbacks
Doesn't take into account: over arousal, activity, personalities. ' Arousal and performance are not linear.
35
Drive Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates a person to satisfy the need. They master the skill, then lose the drive so must then set a new goal
36
Inverted U theory
arousal facilitates performance up to an optimal level, beyond which further increases in arousal are associated with reduced performance
37
Positives of Inverted U theory
accounts for both under and over arousal. Identifies a peak performance.
38
Drawbacks of Inverted U theory
No reasons given for arousal level. Doesn't take into account how to come back from over arousal
39
4 things that affect arousal
personality, movement type, skill level and phases of learning
40
somatic arousal
Relates to physiological state of the body eg. increased heart rate
41
cognitive arousal
Relates to the psychological state eg. Increase in anxiety
42
Catastrophe Theory
When increases in physiological arousal occur in the presence of cognitive anxiety, a sudden/extreme drop (rather than a gradual decline) in performance occurs.
43
How can performance be increased again according to Catastrophe Theory?
If cognitive arousal is lowered and composure regained, performance can be increased again
44
Anxiety
negative aspect of experiencing stress: caused by pressure from crowd or sports situation, threatens self esteem.
45
Competitive Anxiety
Associated with sport or competition. concerns about body, performance, skills, injury. Worry or apprehension experiences before or during a competition
46
4 factors affecting anxiety
individual differences, trait or state anxiety, general or specific anxiety, the competition process
47
SCAT
Sport Competition Anxiety Test
48
Factors effecting the reliability of a test
-Amount of sleep -Emotional state -Test environment -Athlete's prior test knowledge -People present -Personality -Environmental conditions
49
Zone of Optimal Functioning
point where an individual is performing at their best, optimal arousal
50
Other names for Zone of Optimal Functioning
IZOF, Optimal Level, Peak Flow
51
How do you achieve ZOF?
Warm up Mentally prepare Be confident and focused Effortless movements
52
Cue Utilisation
The ability to process information is directly linked to the level of arousal -Athlete is focused on relevant cues -Selective attention happens effectively
53
cognitive training to achieve ZOF
Visualisation, Imagery, Self Talk
54
Visualisation
Going through a performance to see how the performance will look. creates mental pictures and allows confidence in the situation
55
Imagery
using key words to see and imagine how the game will go Helps relaxation and directs focus Feel what will happen Increase enthusiasm
56
Self Talk
a person's internal dialogue, positive statements Recall previous experiences and use affirmations
57
Attitudes
learned predispositions to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way
58
attitude object
The object, person, place, or idea an individual explicitly or implicitly directs his or her attitude toward.
59
Describe attitudes
Unstable, directed, learned, can be changed, enduring response
60
How are attitudes formed?
Learning, experiences, peers, family, media
61
Socialisation
The process of mixing and relating to other people
62
Triadic model of attitudes
- Cognitive Component (Beliefs) - Affective Component (Emotions/Feelings) - Behavioural Component (Behaviour) Remember as CAB
63
Persuasive communication theory
changing the attitude of the performer using persuasion 1. The persuader- so with high status 2. The message- positive to initiate change 3.The recipients- easier to change attitudes of recipient wants to 4. The situation- presence of other persuaders
64
What must the person do in Persuasive communication theory?
Pay attention, understand, accept, retain the message
65
What must the coach do in persuasive communication theory?
Be an expert and be trustworthy
66
What must the message be in persuasive communication theory?
Clear, unambiguous, balanced
67
Measurements of attitudes
1.Likert Scale: a multiple-item questionnaire (this is the most commonly used and the most valid way to gather information) 2. Interviews 3. Observations 4. Thirsting Scale
68
Who came up with cognitive dissonance theory?
Festinger (1957)
69
What is Cognitive Dissonance theory?
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (oppose and conflict each other) by lessening the impact of one of those conflicting ideas
70
What is the aim of cognitive dissonance theory?
to change attitudes.
71
How do we carry out cognitive dissonance theory?
Cognitive- update knowledge or give new info Affective- provide new and positive experiences Behavioural- simplify a skill or use guidance to make execution easier and change behaviour.
72
Why does aggression occur in sport?
Performance levels dipped, a team is losing, opponent is annoying you, referee may be making inconsistent decisions
73
Aggression
any physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt or harm outside the rules of a sport
74
Assertion
behaviour that doesn't intent to harm. Shows power while being within the rules of the sport. Forceful, robust play.
75
instinct theory of aggression
a theory that describes aggression as innate biological drive and a natural response
76
Negatives of the instinct theory
Aggression isnt always spontaneous and can be learned Different cultures behave differently too simplistic
77
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the likelihood that they will act aggressively. There is a drive towards a goal which is blocked by an obstacle causing the frustration. Controlled aggression= success & catharsis Uncontrolled aggression=punishment
78
catharsis
a release of emotional tension
79
Negatives of frustration aggression hypothesis
frustration does not always lead to aggression too simplistic
80
Aggression cue hypothesis
Frustration leads to increased arousal which can lead to a greater likelihood of aggression if an aggressive cue is present
81
Negative of aggressive cue hypothesis
doesn't take into account social or trait factors
82
Observational/Social learning theory
Albert Bandura - learn by observing others 4 stages: attention -> retention-> motor reproduction -> motivation
83
Solutions to aggression
Control arousal Avoid situations that initiate aggressive responses Remove aggressive player from situation reinforce non-aggressive acts Show non-aggressive role models Punish aggressive behaviour Increase peer pressure to not be aggressive Highlight responsibility
84
Social Facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
85
Social Inhibition
a decrease in performance in front of a crowd
86
Who came up with drive theory of social facilitation?
Zajonc (1965)
87
Who came up with evaluation apprehension theory?
Cottrell (1968)
88
drive theory of social facilitation
Suggests that the mere presence of others increases arousal (drive) and arousal increases the dominant (most likely) response, causing people to do better on tasks they find easy and worse on tasks they find difficult
89
evaluation apprehension theory
a theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators or are judging
90
home field advantage
Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings, with the majority of the spectators supporting you.
91
Effects of personality
High anxiety perform less well on presence of others (type a) compared to those who are type b. Extroverts perform better with an audience
92
Level of experience?
Experienced athlete, arousal levels high, perform at best. Novice on the other hand perform best when optimum point is lower.
93
Goal setting
the process of working toward something you want to accomplish
94
why do we use goal setting?
Increases motivation and confidence, alleviates anxiety by controlling anxiety
95
how is goal setting useful?
Directs attention to a certain thing. This regulates and sustains effort which then motivates.
96
SMART goals
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded, Time Phased
97
Specific
clearly defined or identified
98
Measurable
Able to be measured, quantifiable
99
Achievable
a goal that can be reached
100
Recorded
able to be documented and analysed
101
Time Phased
Each goal must have a fixed deadline for evaluation
102
Outcome goals
directed towards an end activity e.g. wanting to win a rugby match
103
Performance goals
directed towards the individual's end performance e.g. setting a PB
104
Process Goals
used to improve skill and often related to technique e.g. improve throw in technique in football

A-Level PE- Paper 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions