2.2 Peaceful Protests And Their Impact Flashcards
When did campaign concentration begin (campaign c)?
2nd April 1963.
Where did campaign c begin?
Birmingham, alabama
Why was birmingham alabama targeted in campaign c?
Very racist state, nickname bombingham ,because it bombed black churches , homes and businesses
What groups participated in campaign c?
SNCC,SCLC and ACMHR(alabama christian moment for human rights)
Who was Eugene ‘bull’ Connor?
A racist chief of police in birmingham . Easily provoked
What happened at birmingham?
Arrests, water cannons, dogs and battens dispersing marchers. All of this shown on tv , many sickened by violence
What was campaign c?
Direct peaceful protest , putting the protests in volent areas, provoking violence to gain positive publicity
Who was the black man pictured being bitten by a dog in birmingham alabama?
Walter Gadsen
Why was birmingham significant?
- civil rights protests worked by inviting violence
- state officials and police learnt that violence would garner support for the civil rights movement
What was the march on washington?
- march for jobs and freedom
- march outside the white house
- 250,000 people (40000 whites)
- peaceful, good humoured
- live on tv
- MLK ‘ i had a dream speech’
Why the march on Washington was significant ?
- size, showed the huge support for the civil rights movement
- who saw it, broadcasted on tv in the us and other countries
- kings speech, gained more support and king was seen as the leader
- the crowd, black and whites together , famous people (bob Dylan ect).
When was the march on washington ?
1963
When was the freedom summer?
1964
What was the freedom summer?
1000 volunteers went to Mississippi to work with local campaigners . Many white college students involved:freedom schools set up , helped many pass voter registration tests. Had the goal of getting as many people as possible signed up to vote
How did white Mississippi respond to freedom summers?
- 80 civil rights activists beaten
- burned 37 black churches and 30 black homes
- 1600/17000 registered to vote
- 3 civil rights activists found dead
When were the mississippi murders?
1964
What were the mississippi murders?
Core workers were murdered by KKK June 1964. Were missing for 6 weeks then the bodies were found.
What was JFKs role in the civil rights movement?
- appointed blacks to high level jobs
- pressed changes to laws
- not afraid to intervene in south with executive orders, eg . James meredith case
What was LBJs role in the civil rights movment?
- appointed blacks to high level jobs
- civil and voting rights act
- escorted marchers from selma to montgomery
What happened when JFK was assassinated?
Killed before could make real changes. Congress limited executive powers
What did LBJ and JFK want to do ?
Minimise federal intervention so only got involved in emergency’s
What was the civil rights act of 1964?
- signed July 2nd 1964
- banned voter registration discrimination , discrimination in public spaces, businesses and in the workplace
- equal force committee enforced the laws
- stopped funding for discriminatory projects
- schools forced to intergrate
Why the civil rights act 1964 was not a success?
- did not abolish social discrimination
- southern states found ways to stop intergation
What was the voting situation in selma , alabama in 1965?
1%of blacks were registered to vote
They wanted LBJ to pass voting rights act
What was the selma protest ?
Protest march planned to go from selma to Montgomery. 600 protesters set out. They were stopped from crossing edmund pattus bridge by state troopers , with tear gas , cattle prods , clubs.
What was the nickname for when selma protesters were attacked and why is it significant?
Bloody Sunday, forced LBJ to send a federal escort from 21-24 march , mlk gave a speech to 25000 people at the end. All of this put pressure to pass civil rights laws.
What was the voting rights act 1965?
- one vote registration was introduced and enforced federally
- in all states 50% of those qualified to vote were registered
- 79513 blacks registered.
Limitations of the voting rights act?
- very slow process
- federal officials faced opposition
- many blacks thought only reason getting vote was federal intervention, they shouldn’t need the fed. Gov. as they have the right to vote under the constitution.
When was the voting rights act?
1965
