2.2 control and communication (2)

Question 1

State the function of a reflex response and give examples of reflex responses

Answer 1

The function of a reflex response is to protect the body from potential danger e.g. touching something hot and then quickly removing your hand or standing on something sharp and quickly lifting up your foot

Question 2

State the role of an endocrine system

Answer 2

The endocrine system is one of the bodies communication systems. It is involved in releasing and transporting chemical messages called hormones around the body in the blood to bring about a response

Question 3

glands within the endocrine system

Answer 3

The endocrine system is made up of many glands throughout the body. There glands secrete hormones

Question 4

Identify some organs of the endocrine system

Answer 4

The pancreas releases insulin/glucagon
The adrenal gland releases adrenaline
The testes release testostrone

Question 5

State the role of hormones in the body

Answer 5

The hormones released by the endocrine systems are chemical messengers
Hormones travel in the blood to specific target tissues/organs

Question 6

Explain how the endocrine system works

Answer 6

Hormones are proteins so have specific shapes. These are matched by a complementary receptor protein found in the membranes of the target cell/tissue/organ. When a specific hormone matches with its specific receptor protein this triggers the cell to respond in a particular way

Question 7

Compare the nervous system and the endocrine system

Answer 7

Forms of information
- Involves nerve impulse (electrical impulse)
- Involves hormones (chemical impulse)

Pathways
- Impulses transmitted neurons
- Hormones transported by blood

Speed of info
- Fast
- Slow

Quality of action + response
- May be involantary or volantary
- Always involantary

Target area
- Usually localised
- Tend to affect more than one target organ

Question 8

Why should the body always be kept at 37 degrees

Answer 8

So the tempature is optimum for enzyme activity to ensure all chemical reaction in cells happen efficently.

Question 9

What is homeostatis and give an example of homeostatic mechanism

Answer 9

Homeostatis means keeping all the internal enviormental factors at a constant steady set point e.g. regulation of body temperature and blood sugar levels

Question 10

State where blood glucose levels are monitered

Answer 10

The pancreas

Question 11

Why is it important to control blood glucose levels

Answer 11

Too low - Not enough for respiration
Too high- Damage to cells and tissues

Question 12

Identify the hormones that are released in reponse to changes in blood glucose levels

Answer 12

Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are too high
Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are too low

Question 13

What monitors the blood glucose levels in the pancreas

Answer 13

Receptor cells in the pancreas monitor the blood glucose levels

Question 14

Identify the target organ where insulin and glucagon have their effect

Answer 14

Insulin and glucagon travel to their target organ the liver

Question 15

What is blood glucose an example of

Answer 15

Blood glucose is an example of negative feedback control

Question 16

Identify the insouluble carbohydrate stored in the liver as a part of blood sugar regulation

Answer 16

The insouluble carbohydrate stored in the liver is glycogen

Question 17

State the effect of insulin on enzymes in the liver

Answer 17

Insulin triggers liver enzymes to convert glycogen into glucose for release

Question 18

State the effect of glucagon on enzymes in the liver

Answer 18

Glucagon triggers liver enzymes to convert glycogen into glucose for release

Question 19

When is adrenaline released?

Answer 19

Adrenaline glands release adrenaline in times of stress or danger

Question 20

What organ does adrenaline target

Answer 20

Adrenaline targets many organs including the liver

Question 21

What does adrenaline do to the liver?

Answer 21

Adrenaline causes the liver to convert glycogen into glucose and increase the blood sugar level

Question 22

What is the main problem when having diabetes

Answer 22

Someone with diabetes is unable to regulate their blood glucose levels and so their body cells may run out of glucose for respiration and may suffer osmotic damage

Question 23

Identify the fault in communication path ways between the two types of diabetes

Answer 23

type one- Pancreas stops sending signals to the body
type two- Liver stops responding to signals from the pancreas

Question 24

Type one diabetes

Answer 24

• Usually diagnosed in child hood
• No insulin produced
• Treatment, controlled diet and may have to inject insulin

Question 25

Type two diabetes

Answer 25

• Usually diagnosed in adults/ later life
• Little/ no insulin produced
• Treatment, careful diet and excersize and may have to inject insulin