2.1.5 - Eukaryotic cells 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

define a cell wall

A

freely permeable wall around plant cells, made mainly of insoluble cellulose

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2
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • give support and strength
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3
Q

what is suberin?

A

a chemical that impregnates cellulose cell walls in cork tissues and makes them impermeable

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4
Q

What is lignin?

A

polymer in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody

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5
Q

What is the middle lamella of the plant cell wall?

A

the first layer of the plant cell to form when a plant cell divides, made mainly of pectin that binds the layers of cellulose together

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6
Q

what is pectin?

A

a polysaccharide that holds cell walls of neighbouring plant cells together and is part of the structure of the primary cell wall

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7
Q

what is special about pectin that allows it to form calcium pectate?

A
  • the negatively charged carboxyl (-COOH) group
  • they combine with positive calcium ions to form calcium pectate
  • this binds with cellulose
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8
Q

what are primary cell walls?

A

the first very flexible plant cell wall to form, with all cellulose microfibrils orientated in a similar direction

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9
Q

what are the secondary cell walls?

A

the older plant cell wall in which the cellulose microfibrils have built up at different angles to each other, making the cell wall more rigid

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10
Q

After the secondary cell walls, what hardens the cell wall further?

A
  • hemicelluloses
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11
Q

what are plant fibres?

A
  • long cells with cellulose cell walls that have been heavily lignified so they are rigid and very strong
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12
Q

what are plasmodesmata?

A

cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells that allow communication between the cells

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13
Q

what is the symplast?

A

the interconnected cytoplasm of plant cells, connected by plasmodesmata

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14
Q

How does the plasmodesmata allow plant cells to communicate?

A
  • when cell divides plasmodesmata are formed
  • the two cells don’t separate completely
  • threads of cytoplasm remain between them
  • these threads pass through gaps in the cell wall
  • signalling substances can pass from one cell to another through the cytoplasm
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15
Q

What are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • eukaryotic is bigger
  • prokaryotic may have a slime capsule/ layer
  • prokaryotic = mesosomes, 70s ribosomes, plasmids
  • Eukaryotic = 80s ribosomes, golgi body, lysosomes, RER, SER, cytoskeleton
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16
Q

what features does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t?

A
  • permanent vacuole
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast