1.3.1 - Nucleotides and ATP Flashcards
what are nucleotides?
molecules with three parts (carbon pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen-containing base) joined by a condensation reaction.
what are the function of nucleotides?
- provide energy in the form of ATP
- provide the building blocks for the mechanism of inheritance in the form DNA and RNA
what does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
what is the pentose sugar in RNA?
ribose
what is the pentose sugar in DNA?
deoxyribose
fewer oxygen atoms
what is a purine base?
type of nucleotide
most common
has two nitrogen containing rings
what is a pyrimidine base?
type of nucleotide
only has one nitrogen containing ring
give an example of a purine base.
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
give an example of a pyrimidine base.
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
what does the phosphate group do to the nucleotide?
the nucleotides are now acidic molecules
and carry a negative charge
how are nucleotides formed? what is the product per nucleotide?
joined by condensation reactions
products are two water molecules
what is ATP?
a nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups attached
the potential energy in the phosphate bonds is made available to other cells to use
draw the structure of ATP.
pentose ribose sugar
rectangle adenine attached
3 phosphate groups attached
how is ATP broken down?
third phosphate bond in the molecule is broken (hydrolysis)
products = ADP, another nucleotide and a free phosphate group
catalysed by = ATPase
what does ADP stand for
adenosine diphosphate
How does ATP provide energy to other cells?
the hydrolysis of the phosphate group and the bonds made to produce ADP and stable phosphate group releases energy
this energy can be used by other cells
but some of it is lost as heat
how can ATP be made?
ATP can be synthesised from ADP and a phosphate group
reaction requires an input of energy
catalysed by = ATPase
energy needed for the synthesis comes from redox reactions
