2.1.3 - nucleotides and nucleic acids

Question 1

why are nucleic acids important

Answer 1

important for storage and transfer of genetic information to make proteins

Question 2

what elements are nucleic acids made up of

Answer 2

C, H, O, N, P

Question 3

what is the structure of a nucleic acid

Answer 3

contains a phosphate, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 4

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 4

DNA and RNA

Question 5

what are the 5 nitrogenous bases

Answer 5

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil

Question 6

what are the purine bases

Answer 6

adenine and guanine

Question 7

how many carbon rings do the purine bases contain

Answer 7

2

Question 8

what are the pyrimidine bases

Answer 8

thymine, cytosine and uracil

Question 9

how many carbon rings does a pyrimidine base contain

Answer 9

1

Question 10

what is the pentose sugar called in DNA

Answer 10

deoxyribose

Question 11

what is the pentose sugar called in RNA

Answer 11

ribose

Question 12

what bases are found in RNA

Answer 12

A, U, C, G

Question 13

what is the bond between 2 nucleotides called

Answer 13

phosphodiester bond

Question 14

how is a phosphodiester bond formed

Answer 14

between the hydroxyl group on C3 of one nucleotide and the phosphate on C5 of another nucleotide

Question 15

what is released when a phosphodiester bond is formed

Answer 15

water

Question 16

what kind of reaction is the formation of a phosphodiester bond

Answer 16

condensation

Question 17

how many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine form

Answer 17

2

Question 18

how many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine form

Answer 18

3

Question 19

where is DNA found in the cell

Answer 19

the chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 20

where is the RNA found in the cell

Answer 20

in the cytplasm

Question 21

how many polynucleotide strands are in DNA

Answer 21

2

Question 22

how many polynucleotide strands are in RNA

Answer 22

1

Question 23

what is the structure of ATP

Answer 23

ribose sugar, adenine base and 3 phosphate groups

Question 24

what part of ATP is called adenosine

Answer 24

the ribose sugar and the adenine

Question 25

how does ATP become ADP

Answer 25

a small amount of energy and a water molecule is needed to break the covalent bond that holds the last phosphate group (hydrolysis)

Question 26

what does ATP do

Answer 26

acts as an immediate source of energy

Question 27

what happens during conservative replication

Answer 27

one molecule of DNA contains 2 new strands and one molecule of DNA contains the original strands

Question 28

is DNA replication conservative or semi-conservative

Answer 28

semi-conservative

Question 29

what happens in the first stage of DNA replication

Answer 29

enzyme DNA helicase attaches to the DNA molecule and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary and causes the 2 polynucleotide strands to separate

Question 30

what happens after the 2 polynucleotide strands are split up

Answer 30

free nucleotides line up with their complementary bases and are held together by hydrogen bonds and there are no phosphodiester bonds

Question 31

what happens after the free nucleotides have lined up with their complementary bases

Answer 31

DNA polymerase moves down the molecule and catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the free nucleotides