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A-level biology > 2.1.2 - biological molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 - biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what elements are carbohydrates made of

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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2
Q

what elements are lipids made of

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen (same as carbs)

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3
Q

what elements are proteins made of

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur

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4
Q

what elements are nucleic acids made of

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus

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5
Q

what are monomers

A

single subunits of life

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6
Q

how are polymers formed

A

by combining monomers using covalent bonds

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7
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

the formation of polymers from monomers

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8
Q

what is the by-product of condensation

A

water

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9
Q

what do the condensation of amino acids produce

A

proteins

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10
Q

what does the condensation of monosaccharides froduce

A

disaccharides

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11
Q

what does the condensation of many disaccharides produce

A

polysaccharides

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12
Q

what does the condensation of fatty acids and monoglycerides produce

A

lipids

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13
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

the break down of large biological molecules into smaller molecules

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14
Q

what does the hydrolysis reaction require

A

water

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15
Q

hydrolysis of proteins produces

A

amino acids

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16
Q

hydrolysis of carbs produce

A

di/monosaccharides

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17
Q

hydrolysis of lipids produces

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

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18
Q

what is a pentose monosaccharide

A

a monosaccharide with 5 carbons

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19
Q

what is a hexose monocsaccharide

A

a monosaccharide with 6 carbons

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20
Q

what kind of monosaccharide is ribose

A

pentose

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21
Q

what kind of monosaccharide is glucose

A

hexose

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22
Q

how is deoxyribose different from ribose

A

an oxygen is lost from carbon-2

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23
Q

alpha and beta glucose are isomers. what are isomers

A

have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

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24
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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25
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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26
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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27
Q

function of sucrose

A

common table sugar

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28
Q

function of lactose

A

a sugar found in milk

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29
Q

what kind of bonds join together monosaccharides to form polysaccharides

A

glycosidic bonds

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30
Q

what is a glycosidic bond

A

when OH groups from neighbouring monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction to form an O link between the 2 monosaccharides, with water being released.

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31
Q

how do you break a glycosidic bond

A

a hydrolysis reaction occurs where water is added

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32
Q

functions of starch

A
  • main energy storage material in plants
  • broken down into glucose by plants when they need more energy
  • acts as a source of food for humans and animals
33
Q

features of starch

A
  • does not change the water potential in a cell because it is insoluble in water
  • made up of amylopectin and amylose which are both alpha-glucose polysaccharides
34
Q

what is amylopectin

A

highly branched chain of alpha-glucose monomers

35
Q

why is amylopectin so accessible to enzymes to release energy

A

the branched structure leaves more free ends so enzymes can access more of it to release glucose molecules

36
Q

what is amylose

A

linear chain of alpha-glucose monomers

37
Q

what kind of structure of amylose have

A

a helix structure

38
Q

what kind of glycosidic bonds are for linear chains of alpha glucose

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

what kind of glycosidic bonds are for branches of alpha glucose

A

1,6 glycosidic bonds

40
Q

what is the main storage molecule in plants

A

starch

41
Q

what is the main storage molecule in animals

A

glycogen

42
Q

is amylopectin or glycogen more branched

A

glycogen

43
Q

what happens to glycogen when blood glucose levels decrease

A

glycogen is broken down to release glucose

44
Q

glucose is soluble in water. Is glycogen also soluble?

A

no. starch is also insoluble

45
Q

what monomers is cellulose made of

A

beta glucose monomers

46
Q

how does a 1,4 glycosidic bond form between 2 beta glucoses

A

every alternate beta glucose flips 180 degrees

47
Q

what stops the linear chains of beta glucoses forming cellulose from spiralling

A

Hydrogen bonds

48
Q

how many straight chains of H bonds forms a microfibril

A

60-70

49
Q

how many microfibrils make a macrofibril

A

around 400

50
Q

functions of cellulose

A

cell walls of plants are made of cellulose

51
Q

what is the structure of a triglyceride

A

glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules

52
Q

structure of a glycerol

A

has 3 hydroxyl groups which are used to bond to the fatty acids

53
Q

what is the difference between a saturated and non-saturated fatty acid

A

unsaturated fatty acids have at least 1 double covalent bond between carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids don’t

54
Q

structure of a phospholipid

A

glycerol bonded to a phosphate ion and 2 fatty acids

55
Q

what part of the phospholipid is polar

A

the phosphate head

56
Q

is the phospholipid head hydrophobic or philic

A

hydrophilic

56
Q

what part of the phospholipid is non polar

A

the tail

57
Q

is the phospholipid tail hydrophobic/philic

A

hydrophobic

58
Q

what is the phospholipid bilayer

A

when the heads of the phospholipid position themselves outwards so they touch the water and the tails are on the inside and don’t touch the water

59
Q

what reaction occurs when fatty acids react together with glycerol

A

condensation reaction

60
Q

how many waters are made during esterification

A

3

61
Q

what is the name of the process where the fatty acids react with the glycerol to form a triglyceride

A

esterification

62
Q

why are triglycerides good for waterproofing

A

Triglycerides are non polar so they are hydrophobic and don’t dissolve in water

63
Q

function of triglycerides

A
  • protects organs
  • used for waterproofing - eg ducks have oils which coat the feathers
64
Q

function of phospholipids

A

used in the cell membrane

65
Q

what part of the cholesterol is hydrophilic

A

the hydroxyl group

66
Q

what part of the cholesterol interacts with the hydrophilic head of the phospholipid

A

the hydroxyl group (the rest of the group reacts with the fatty acid tails)

67
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

68
Q

what is the general structure of an amino acid

A

amino group, carboxyl group, r group

69
Q

what part of an amino acid is the same for every amino acid

A

amine group and the carboxyl group

70
Q

what part of the amino acid is different for all 20 amino acids

A

the R group

71
Q

what is the name of a bond formed between 2 amino acids

A

peptide bond

72
Q

what kind of reaction is a peptide bond formed in

A

condensation

73
Q

where does the condensation reaction to form peptide bonds take place

A

ribosomes

74
Q

how do you break a peptide bond

A

by adding water in a hydrolysis reaction

75
Q

what enzymes breaks peptide bonds

A

protease

76
Q

when is a polypeptide considered a protein

A

when it has folded into its specific 3D shape.

77
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

the oxygen atoms are negatively charged and the hydrogen atoms are positively charged

78
Q
A

A-level biology (25 decks)

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