211: CH. 8 Flashcards
Developmental Psychology
who theorized initiative vs guilt?
Erikson
what is initiative?
having a:
- new sense of purposefulness
- eagerness to try new things and join activities (play permits trying out new skills)
- having strides in confidence development
What is guilt?
overly strict superego or conscious that causes too much guilt
what is guilt related to?
parental threats, criticism, and punishment
what does self awareness promote development of?
self concept
what is self concept
a person’s perception of who they are, including their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about themselves
what to emerging language skills enable children to do?
enables children to discuss their inner mental states
what does self concept consist largely of?
observable characteristics such as appearance, possessions, and behavior
as wells as typical emotions and attitudes such as “I like…” and “I don’t like…”
what does self concept not yet reference?
personality traits such as “I’m shy”
when it comes to self concept, is emotions based more internally or externally?
externally
delay of video self identification happens until what age?
age 4
what is self esteem?
self judgement and associated feelings; a person’s overall evaluation of their worth or value, and their beliefs about their abilities and limitations
what are influences on self esteem?
- emotional experiences
- future behavior
- long term psychological adjustment
gains in emotional competence show improvements in:
- emotional understanding
- emotional self regulation
preschoolers have the emotional understanding to correctly judge:
- causes of emotions
- consequences of emotions
- behavioral signs of emotions
gains in emotional competence increase in what emotions?
self conscious emotions (shame, guilt, pride, and empathy, GSEEP)
what is preschoolers emotional understanding challenged by?
situations offering conflicting emotional cues
what are some factors that contribute to emotional understanding?
parents, siblings, peers, and make believe play
what happens to emotional self regulation by ages 3-4?
children are aware of strategies for adjusting emotional arousal
what is emotional self regulation affected by?
- temperament (effortful control)
- warm parents who use verbal guidance
no full distinction between appearance and reality yields what kinds of fears?
- monsters
- ghosts
- darkness
- preschool/childcare
- animals
(phobias are also possible)
what do self conscious emotions depend on?
adult feedback (labeling help)
what are self conscious emotions?
GSEEP: guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride
what is empathy?
feeling same or similar emotions as another person
what is sympathy?
feeling concern or sorrow for another’s plight
what motivates children towards pro-social behavior?
empathy
does empathy usually lead to sympathy in children?
yes but not with all children, some children become personally distressed when feeling empathy
what are two factors that encourage sympathy, empathy, and pro-social behavior?
- nature (temperament)
- nurture (parenting)
what is nature (temperament)?
- sociable
- assertive
- good at emotional self regulation
what is nurture (parenting)?
warm sensitive parents who:
1. show empathetic concern
2. encourage emotional expressiveness
what are the cognitive play categories?
- functional play (0-2 yrs)
- constructive play (3-6 yrs)
- make believe play (2-6 yrs)
what is functional play (0-2 yrs)
simple, repetitive motor movements, with or without objects
what is make believe play (2-6 yrs)
acting out everyday and imaginative roles
what is constructive play (3-6 yrs)
creating or constructing something
who studied peer sociability in play?
Parten (1932)
what are the four kinds of peer sociability in play?
- nonsocial activity
- parallel play
- associative play
- cooperative play
what is nonsocial activity in play?
unoccupied, onlooker behavior, solitary play
example: a child playing with blocks alone, completely focused on building a tower without interacting with other children around them
what is parallel play?
plays near other children with similar materials, does not try to influence them
example: when two children sit next to each other playing with the same toys, like blocks, but each child builds their own separate structure without directly interacting or coordinating with the other child
what is associative play?
engages in separate activities, exchanges toys and comments
example: two children playing with dolls side-by-side, talking to each other, and interacting with the dolls in their own separate storylines
what is cooperative play?
orients with peers toward a common play goal
example: children working together to build a sandcastle on the beach
how do collectivist cultures vary in play?
- they stress group harmony
- discourage self assertion
true or false, cultures vary in belief about the importance of play
true
what are the four perspectives on moral development?
- psychoanalytic (emotional)
- social learning (social moral)
- cognitive developmental (thinking)
- theological factors (spiritual)
what is the psychoanalytic (emotional) approach built upon?
Frued’s ideologies of superego and guilt, however new evidence shows that the psychoanalytic approach is is based upon induction, and empathy based guilt
what is social learning (social moral) based upon?
modeling and moral behavior, as well as punishment
what is cognitive developmental (thinking) based upon?
children as active thinkers about social rules
what are theological factors (spiritual) based upon?
sin as a core human trait and need for holy spirit to regenerate a heart
who created effective models of moral behavior?
social learning theorist bandura 1977
what is inductive discipline?
pointing out the effects of a child’s misbehavior on OTHERS
example: saying “When you take your brother’s toy without asking, it makes him feel sad because he doesn’t have it to play with. How would you feel if someone took your favorite toy?”
true or false, inductive discipline is active training in perspective-
taking that helps children understand their
effect on others.
true
what are some key points in effective models of moral behavior?
- warmth and responsiveness
- competent restrained power
- consistency between words and behavior
what are the three kinds of child aggression?
- physical
- verbal
- relational
is physical aggression direct or indirect?
either
is verbal aggression direct or indirect?
always direct
is relational aggression direct or indirect?
either
how is harm caused in regards to physical aggression?
physical injury
how is harm caused in regards to verbal aggression?
threats of physical aggression, name-calling, and teasing
how is harm caused in regards to relational aggression?
social exclusion, malicious gossip, and friendship manipulation
what is an example of physical aggression?
punching someone, kicking someone, slapping someone, or hitting someone
what is an example of verbal aggression?
calling someone names, yelling insults, making threats, or using harsh language to intentionally inflict emotional harm; essentially, using words to deliberately hurt or intimidate someone.
what is an example of relational aggression?
Spreading false rumors about another person to embarrass them or ruin their reputation
are the three types of childhood aggression proactive or reactive (in defense)?
each can be either proactive or reactive
what is the ultimate cause of aggression?
ultimately it is sin, default selfishness
what are individual differences as the sources of aggression?
gender and temperament
what is the source of aggression in regards to family?
harsh inconsistent discipline as well as cycles of such discipline, whining and giving in
how does media violence increase aggression
media violence increases hostile thoughts and emotions and aggressive behavior
does media violence create short term or long term behavior problems
media violence creates both short term and long term behavior problems
what are the three theories of gender identity
- social learning
- cognitive developmental
- gender schema
what is social learning in the theory of gender identity?
gender typed behavior leads to gender identity
what is the cognitive developmental theory of gender identity?
self perceptions (gender constancy) precede gender typed behavior
what is gender schema in the theory of gender identity?
combines social learning and cognitive developmental features
what are the two influences on gender typing?
genetic and environmental
what are the genetic influences of gender typing?
evolutionary adaptiveness and hormones
what are environmental family influences on gender typing?
- family
- teachers
- peers
- broader social environment
