211: CH. 6 Flashcards
psychology 211 developmental psychology
psychosocial theory
Created by Erik Erikson and is the most influential physchoanalytic approach
basic trust vs mistrust
when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving the psychological conflict of trust vs mistrust is resolved on the positive side
when is trust vs mistrust resolved
the first year
autonomy vs shame and doubt
is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with sustainable guidance and reasonable choices
basic emotions
happiness, surprise, interest, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.
are basic emotions universal in humans and other primates?
yes, they have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival
what is a social smile
when between the ages of 6 and 10 weeks the parents communication evokes a broad grin in the child
what is stranger anxiety?
the most frequent expression of fear to unfamiliar adults
what is a secure base?
when the children use the caregiver as a point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support
what is social referencing?
when infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
what are the self conscious emotions?
guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride (GSEEP)
why are the self conscious emotions called that?
because each involves inquiry to or enhancement of our sense of self
what is Emotional Self- regulation
refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals
when is the childs laugh developed
3-4 months
when does anger begin to show in a child?
4-6 months
what is sadness a response to in a infant?
it is a response to disrupted caregiver - infant communication
when does fear begin to develop in a child?
the second half of the first year, or 6-12 months
when do self conscious emotions appear?
ages 1 1/2 and 3 years
what are the self conscious emotions?
Embarrassment (norm violation), Envy, Pride, Guilt, Embarrassment (exposure), shame, and empathy
what do both types of self conscious emotions require?
- awareness of self as both separate and unique
- adult instruction in when to feel emotions
what is emotional Self- regulation
Adjusting one’s own state
of emotional intensity
when does emotional Self- regulation improve?
over first year with brain development
does emotional Self- regulation require “effortful control”?
yes
what do caregivers do to improve self regulation
- contribute to child’s self-regulation style
- teach socially approved ways of expressing
feelings
who created the structure of temperament?
Thomas and chess (1956, 1977)
what are the different kinds of children?
- Easy: 40% - helps against stress
- Difficult: 10%
- Slow-to-warm-up: 15%
- Unclassified: 35%
what did rothbart (2003) study in children?
reactivity
what is reactivity?
quickness and intensity of:
1. emotional arousal
2. attention
3. motor activity
how is reactivity and self regulation connected?
there are self regulation strategies that modify reactivity
Neurobiological correlates of shyness and sociability are:
- heart rate
- saliva concentration of cortisol
- pupil dilatation, blood pressure, skin surface temperature
what is the persistence of temperamental style influenced by
child rearing practices
what does the textbook define stability as in infants?
stability is:
1. low in infancy and toddler hood
2. moderate from preschool years on
who created the ethological theory of attachment?
bowlby
what does temperament develop with?
temperament develops with age, becoming more stable after the age of 3 years old
what are the stages of Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment (1969)
- Preattachment (0-6 weeks)
- Attachment-in-the-
making phase (6 wks-8mths) - Clear-cut attachment
phase (8-18 months) - separation anxiety
- Reciprocal relationship
with caregiver (18-24 months +)
how many different types of measuring attachment security are there?
4 types: one secure and 3 insecure
what are the four types of measuring attachment security?
- Secure: 60%
- Avoidant: 15%
- Resistant: 10%
- Disorganized/
disoriented: 15%
are there cultural variations in attachment security?
yes there are you imbecile
what are multiple attachment’s?
- fathers
- siblings
- grandparents
- professional caregivers
what are the factors that affect attachment security?
- early availability of consistent caregiver
- quality of care giving, sensitive care giving and interactional synchrony in Western cultures
- infant characteristics
- family circumstances
- parents internal working models
what is secure attachment related to?
later cognitive and emotional and social competence
what promotes favorable development of toddlers?
continuity of caregiving
what is responsible for about half of individual differences?
genetic influences
what do genetic influences vary with?
trait and age of individuals studied
what are environmental influences to temperament/attachment
- nutrition
- quality of care giving
3.cultural variations - gender stereotyping
- role of siblings
