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Psych 211: Developmental Psychology > 211: CH. 6 > Flashcards

211: CH. 6 Flashcards

psychology 211 developmental psychology

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1
Q

psychosocial theory

A

Created by Erik Erikson and is the most influential physchoanalytic approach

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2
Q

basic trust vs mistrust

A

when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving the psychological conflict of trust vs mistrust is resolved on the positive side

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3
Q

when is trust vs mistrust resolved

A

the first year

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4
Q

autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with sustainable guidance and reasonable choices

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5
Q

basic emotions

A

happiness, surprise, interest, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust.

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6
Q

are basic emotions universal in humans and other primates?

A

yes, they have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival

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7
Q

what is a social smile

A

when between the ages of 6 and 10 weeks the parents communication evokes a broad grin in the child

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8
Q

what is stranger anxiety?

A

the most frequent expression of fear to unfamiliar adults

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9
Q

what is a secure base?

A

when the children use the caregiver as a point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support

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10
Q

what is social referencing?

A

when infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

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11
Q

what are the self conscious emotions?

A

guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride (GSEEP)

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12
Q

why are the self conscious emotions called that?

A

because each involves inquiry to or enhancement of our sense of self

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13
Q

what is Emotional Self- regulation

A

refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

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14
Q

when is the childs laugh developed

A

3-4 months

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15
Q

when does anger begin to show in a child?

A

4-6 months

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16
Q

what is sadness a response to in a infant?

A

it is a response to disrupted caregiver - infant communication

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17
Q

when does fear begin to develop in a child?

A

the second half of the first year, or 6-12 months

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18
Q

when do self conscious emotions appear?

A

ages 1 1/2 and 3 years

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19
Q

what are the self conscious emotions?

A

Embarrassment (norm violation), Envy, Pride, Guilt, Embarrassment (exposure), shame, and empathy

20
Q

what do both types of self conscious emotions require?

A
  1. awareness of self as both separate and unique
  2. adult instruction in when to feel emotions
21
Q

what is emotional Self- regulation

A

Adjusting one’s own state
of emotional intensity

22
Q

when does emotional Self- regulation improve?

A

over first year with brain development

23
Q

does emotional Self- regulation require “effortful control”?

A

yes

24
Q

what do caregivers do to improve self regulation

A
  1. contribute to child’s self-regulation style
  2. teach socially approved ways of expressing
    feelings
25
Q

who created the structure of temperament?

A

Thomas and chess (1956, 1977)

26
Q

what are the different kinds of children?

A
  • Easy: 40% - helps against stress
  • Difficult: 10%
  • Slow-to-warm-up: 15%
  • Unclassified: 35%
27
Q

what did rothbart (2003) study in children?

A

reactivity

28
Q

what is reactivity?

A

quickness and intensity of:
1. emotional arousal
2. attention
3. motor activity

29
Q

how is reactivity and self regulation connected?

A

there are self regulation strategies that modify reactivity

30
Q

Neurobiological correlates of shyness and sociability are:

A
  1. heart rate
  2. saliva concentration of cortisol
  3. pupil dilatation, blood pressure, skin surface temperature
31
Q

what is the persistence of temperamental style influenced by

A

child rearing practices

32
Q

what does the textbook define stability as in infants?

A

stability is:
1. low in infancy and toddler hood
2. moderate from preschool years on

33
Q

who created the ethological theory of attachment?

A

bowlby

34
Q

what does temperament develop with?

A

temperament develops with age, becoming more stable after the age of 3 years old

35
Q
A
36
Q

what are the stages of Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment (1969)

A
  1. Preattachment (0-6 weeks)
  2. Attachment-in-the-
    making phase (6 wks-8mths)
  3. Clear-cut attachment
    phase (8-18 months)
  4. separation anxiety
  5. Reciprocal relationship
    with caregiver (18-24 months +)
37
Q

how many different types of measuring attachment security are there?

A

4 types: one secure and 3 insecure

38
Q

what are the four types of measuring attachment security?

A
  1. Secure: 60%
  2. Avoidant: 15%
  3. Resistant: 10%
  4. Disorganized/
    disoriented: 15%
39
Q

are there cultural variations in attachment security?

A

yes there are you imbecile

40
Q

what are multiple attachment’s?

A
  1. fathers
  2. siblings
  3. grandparents
  4. professional caregivers
41
Q

what are the factors that affect attachment security?

A
  1. early availability of consistent caregiver
  2. quality of care giving, sensitive care giving and interactional synchrony in Western cultures
  3. infant characteristics
  4. family circumstances
  5. parents internal working models
42
Q

what is secure attachment related to?

A

later cognitive and emotional and social competence

43
Q

what promotes favorable development of toddlers?

A

continuity of caregiving

44
Q

what is responsible for about half of individual differences?

A

genetic influences

45
Q

what do genetic influences vary with?

A

trait and age of individuals studied

46
Q

what are environmental influences to temperament/attachment

A
  1. nutrition
  2. quality of care giving
    3.cultural variations
  3. gender stereotyping
  4. role of siblings

Psych 211: Developmental Psychology (16 decks)

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