211: CH. 10-11

Question 1

who created industry vs inferiority

Question 2

what is “industry”?

Answer 2

Developing a sense
of competence at
useful skills and
tasks, where the school provides many oppourtunities

Question 3

what is “inferiority”

Answer 3

Negative responses from family, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings; Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well

Question 4

what are some common changes in Self-Concept
During Middle Childhood

Answer 4

 More balanced, fewer
all-or-none descriptions
 Social comparisons
 Real vs. ideal self
 References social
groups
 Cultural variations

Question 5

what is real vs ideal self?

Answer 5

when chiildren realize the difference between the expectations others have for them verses the expectations they hold themselves to

Question 6

what are some influences on self esteem?

Answer 6

• culture
• child-rearing practices (the way parents parent their child)
• attributions

Question 7

what are attributions

Answer 7

explanations for why things are happening

Question 8

what is mastery-oriented attribution?

Answer 8

“i can master my word” it is a feeling of confidence in all that they face with a positive outlook in their actions and life

Question 9

what is learned helplessness attributions?

Answer 9

a feeling of helplessness and negativity in their actions and outlook on life

Question 10

what are the two kinds of attributions?

Answer 10

learned helpless and mastery oriented

Question 11

what parenting style is the best positive impact on self-esteem?

Answer 11

authoritative

Question 12

what can American self-focused cultural values do in children throughout middle childhood?

Answer 12

 undermine achievement
 foster antisocial behavior
 lead to other adjustment problems

Question 13

what can parents encourage to boost self-esteem?

Answer 13

encourage worthwhile goal setting

Question 14

what is the reason for success in mastery-oriented attributions?

Answer 14

ability, and their ability to recognize their ability of competence

Question 15

what is the reason for success in learned helplessness attributions?

Answer 15

External factors, not able to recognize their ability to succeed

Question 16

what are the reasons for failure in learned helplessness children?

Answer 16

they think that they are not good enough, they believe that their ability to succeed cannot be changed by effort

Question 17

what are the reasons for failure in mastery-oriented children?

Answer 17

they recognize not enough effort was put in or there were other external factors that caused them to fail, overall they’re very optimistic and work towards a better outcome nexttime

Question 18

what are parental influences on learned helpless children

Answer 18

 believe child incapable
 make trait statements

Question 19

what are teacher influences that impact learned helpless children?

Answer 19

 are unsupportive
 believe child incapable

Question 20

what are some gender differences in learned helpless children

Answer 20

girl performance is often undermined by negative adult feedback and this more commonly affects female attitudes toward success

Question 21

What are some SES and ethnic differences in learned helpless children?

Question 22

what are self-conscious emotions governed by?

Answer 22

personal responsibility

Question 23

what are some key points of emotional understanding in middle childhood?

Answer 23

• the ability to explain their emotions using internal states
• the children can understand mixed emotions
• their empathy increases
• they no longer need parents for understanding on how to feel about certain situations

Question 24

what are some gains for emotional self-regulation?

Answer 24

• motivation by self-esteem and peer approval
• emotional self efficacy

Question 25

what are some flexible moral rules children learn in middle childhood?

Answer 25

 lying not always bad/truthfulness not
always good
 considers prosocial and antisocial
intentions

Question 26

how does long-term intergroup contact reduce prejudice?

Answer 26

well integrated:
1. neighborhoods
2. schools
3. communities

Question 27

what beliefs can you foster to reduce prejudice?

Answer 27

foster belief in changeability in human traits

Question 28

what gender makes up most of the bullies (20%)

Answer 28

most are BOYS

Question 29

what does inhibited temperment mean?

Answer 29

more shy

Question 30

What are some personal characteristics that factor into resilience?

Answer 30

easy temperment, mastery orientaton (no history of learned helplessness)