211: CH. 10-11 Flashcards
developmental psychology
who created industry vs inferiority
what is “industry”?
Developing a sense
of competence at
useful skills and
tasks, where the school provides many oppourtunities
what is “inferiority”
Negative responses from family, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings; Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well
what are some common changes in Self-Concept
During Middle Childhood
More balanced, fewer
all-or-none descriptions
Social comparisons
Real vs. ideal self
References social
groups
Cultural variations
what is real vs ideal self?
when chiildren realize the difference between the expectations others have for them verses the expectations they hold themselves to
what are some influences on self esteem?
- culture
- child-rearing practices (the way parents parent their child)
- attributions
what are attributions
explanations for why things are happening
what is mastery-oriented attribution?
“i can master my word” it is a feeling of confidence in all that they face with a positive outlook in their actions and life
what is learned helplessness attributions?
a feeling of helplessness and negativity in their actions and outlook on life
what are the two kinds of attributions?
learned helpless and mastery oriented
what parenting style is the best positive impact on self-esteem?
authoritative
what can American self-focused cultural values do in children throughout middle childhood?
undermine achievement
foster antisocial behavior
lead to other adjustment problems
what can parents encourage to boost self-esteem?
encourage worthwhile goal setting
what is the reason for success in mastery-oriented attributions?
ability, and their ability to recognize their ability of competence
what is the reason for success in learned helplessness attributions?
External factors, not able to recognize their ability to succeed
what are the reasons for failure in learned helplessness children?
they think that they are not good enough, they believe that their ability to succeed cannot be changed by effort
what are the reasons for failure in mastery-oriented children?
they recognize not enough effort was put in or there were other external factors that caused them to fail, overall they’re very optimistic and work towards a better outcome nexttime
what are parental influences on learned helpless children
believe child incapable
make trait statements
what are teacher influences that impact learned helpless children?
are unsupportive
believe child incapable
what are some gender differences in learned helpless children
girl performance is often undermined by negative adult feedback and this more commonly affects female attitudes toward success
What are some SES and ethnic differences in learned helpless children?
what are self-conscious emotions governed by?
personal responsibility
what are some key points of emotional understanding in middle childhood?
- the ability to explain their emotions using internal states
- the children can understand mixed emotions
- their empathy increases
- they no longer need parents for understanding on how to feel about certain situations
what are some gains for emotional self-regulation?
- motivation by self-esteem and peer approval
- emotional self efficacy
what are some flexible moral rules children learn in middle childhood?
lying not always bad/truthfulness not
always good
considers prosocial and antisocial
intentions
how does long-term intergroup contact reduce prejudice?
well integrated:
1. neighborhoods
2. schools
3. communities
what beliefs can you foster to reduce prejudice?
foster belief in changeability in human traits
what gender makes up most of the bullies (20%)
most are BOYS
what does inhibited temperment mean?
more shy
What are some personal characteristics that factor into resilience?
easy temperment, mastery orientaton (no history of learned helplessness)
