2.11

Question 1

What are the natural hazards wthin glaciated regions?

Answer 1

• Avalanches and movement
• Glacial outburst floods
• Lahars
• Fragile ecosystems

Question 2

What human activities cause damge to glaciated landscapes?

Answer 2

• Trampling by tourists
• Disturbance of wildlife
• Water and air pollution
• Resiviour construction
• Resource exploitation
• Urbanisation

Question 3

Describe an Avalanche

Answer 3

Masses of snow and ice that fall down steep slopes at high speeds. When heavy snow is quickle added to a poorly bonded surface, causing a large slab of snow to break away and fall down the slope.

Question 4

Descirbe glacial outburst floods

Answer 4

The sudden release of melt water after it breaks through an ice dam or morraine. This event can have consequnces far down stream. As the water slows down after an outburst flood it can re-freeze creating another ice dam, if this breaks or over flows the event will happen agian meaning this hazard can occur many times.

Question 5

Define a Lahar

Answer 5

Fast flowing mudslides, landslides and debris flows produced when volcanic activty causes galcial melting

Question 6

Key points of the zermatt case study

Answer 6

• Tourism creates hign demand for energy anf water resources
• Preperation pf pistes and footpath trampling damges the alpine ecosystem
• Snow cannons used to make snow are energy intensive and apply large amounts of chemical and biological additives to the soil.
• Construction of ski resorts, Chalets and other infrastructure redcue the relisience of of alpine valleys.
• Defrestation reduce slope stability and increase the chances of avalanches

Question 7

Threats of global warming on glaciated landscapes

Answer 7

• Higher temperatures lead to negative mass balances and shrinking glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets.
• Periglacial areas will expirence melting permafrost and dramatic changes to the ecosystem and biodiversity of tundra.

Question 8

Imapact of climate change on the hydrological cyle in glacieted landscapes.

Answer 8

• Increased flood risk in summer becuase of ice melt spikes because of extreme heat conditions and causes of increase in river discharge.
• Low meltwater levels failing to flush rivers clean, leading to higher concentrations of pollution and lower water quality
• Limitedenergy from HEP