2105

Question 1

the state in which the possibility of harm to persons or of the property damage is reduced to, and
maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and safety risk
management

Answer 1

safety

Question 2

dynamic characteristic of the aviation system, whereby safety risks must be continuously mitigated

Answer 2

safety

Question 3

years of the technical era

Answer 3

from the early 1900s until the late 1960s

Question 4

Aviation emerged as a form of mass transportation in which identified safety deficiencies were initially related to technical factors and technological failures.

Answer 4

technical era

Question 5

technological improvements led to a gradual decline in the frequency of accidents, and safety processes were broadened to encompass regulatory compliance and oversight.

Answer 5

technical era

Question 6

years of the human factors era

Answer 6

from the early 1970s until the mid-1990s

Question 7

the frequency of
aviation accidents was significantly reduced due to major technological advances and enhancements to safety
regulations.

Answer 7

human factors era

Question 8

years of the organizational era

Answer 8

from the mid-1990s to the present day

Question 9

from the mid-1990s to the present day

Answer 9

organizational era

Question 10

Who developed the Swiss-Cheese Model

Answer 10

Professor James Reason

Question 10

illustrates that accidents involve successive
breaches of multiple system defenses

Answer 10

Swiss-Cheese Model

Question 11

contends that complex systems such as aviation are extremely well defended by layers of defences, single-point failures are rarely consequential in such systems.

Answer 11

Swiss-Cheese Model

Question 12

can be a delayed consequence of decisions made at the highest levels of the system, which may remain dormant until their effects or damaging potential are activated by specific operational circumstances

Answer 12

breaches in safety defenses

Question 13

are actions or inactions, including errors and violations, which have an immediate adverse effect.

Answer 13

active failures

Question 14

are those that exist in the aviation system well before a damaging outcome is experienced.

Answer 14

latent conditions

Question 15

have all the potential to breach aviation system defenses

Answer 15

latent conditions

Question 16

defences in aviation can
be grouped under three large headings:

Answer 16

technology, training, regulations

Question 17

are largely intuitive in that all those with operational experience have experienced them to varying degrees, and include workforce stability, qualifications and experience, morale, management credibility, and traditional ergonomics factors such as lighting, heating and cooling.

Answer 17

workplace conditions

Question 18

A simple yet visually powerful conceptual tool for the analysis of the components, the features of operational
contexts and the possible interactions with people is the

Answer 18

SHEL(L) Model

Question 19

can be used to help visualize the interrelationships among the various components and features of the aviation system

Answer 19

SHEL(L) Model

Question 20

4 components of SHEL(L) Model

Answer 20

Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware

Question 21

procedures, training, support

Answer 21

Software

Question 22

machine and equipment

Answer 22

Hardware

Question 23

the working environment in which the rest of the L-H-S system must function

Answer 23

Environment

Question 24

humans in the workplace

Answer 24

Liveware

Question 25

In the centre of the SHELL model are the humans at the front line of operations. Although humans are remarkably adaptable, they are subject to considerable variations in performance.

Answer 25

Liveware

Question 26

refers to the relationship between the human and the
physical attributes of equipment, machines and facilities

Answer 26

Liveware-Hardware

Question 27

is the relationship between the human and the supporting systems found in the workplace, e.g. regulations, manuals, checklists, publications, standard operating procedures (SOPs) and computer software.

Answer 27

Liveware-Software

Question 28

is the relationship among persons in the work environment. Since flight crews, air traffic controllers, aircraft maintenance engineers and other
operational personnel function in groups, it is important to recognize that communication and interpersonal skills, as well as group dynamics, play a role in determining human performance.

Answer 28

Liveware-Liveware

Question 29

This interface involves the relationship between the human and both the internal and external environments.

Answer 29

Liveware-Environment

Question 30

a mismatch between the Liveware and the other four components contributes
to human error.

Answer 30

SHELL Model

Question 31

An action or inaction by an operational person that leads to deviations from organizational or the operational person’s intentions or expectation

Answer 31

Error

Question 32

are failures in the execution of the intended action

Answer 32

Slips and Lapses

Question 33

are actions that do not
go as planned

Answer 33

slips

Question 34

memory failures

Answer 34

lapses

Question 35

failures in the plan of action

Answer 35

mistakes

Question 36

assume the error will be made

Answer 36

capturing strategies

Question 37

provide direct intervention to reduce or eliminate the factors contributing to the error.

Answer 37

reduction strategies

Question 38

the intent is to capture the error before any adverse consequences of the error are felt

Answer 38

capturing strategies

Question 39

that they utilize checklists and other procedural interventions
rather than directly eliminating the error.

Answer 39

capturing strategies

Question 40

refer to the ability of a system to accept that an error will be made but without experiencing serious consequences.

Answer 40

tolerance strategies

Question 41

a deliberate act of willful misconduct or omission resulting in a deviation from established regulations, procedures, norms, or practices

Answer 41

violation

Question 42

three types of violations

Answer 42

situational violation, routine violation, organizationally induced violation

Question 43

committed in response to factors experienced in a specific context, such as time pressure or high workload.

Answer 43

situational violation

Question 44

Such violations are committed in response to situations in which compliance with established procedures makes task completion difficult.

Answer 44

routine violations

Question 45

This type of violation tends to occur when an organization attempts to meet increased output demands by ignoring or stretching its safety defenses

Answer 45

organizationally induced violations