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ABDOMEN 4 > 2.1 Thyroid-Normal > Flashcards

2.1 Thyroid-Normal Flashcards

1
Q

Which lobe of the thyroid is typically bigger?

A

Right

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2
Q

The thyroid is encapsulated extends down to the ?

A

5th or 6th tracheal ring

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3
Q

Another term for the thyroid cartilage?

A

The Adam’s apple

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4
Q

The pyramidal lobe is a?

A

fetal remnant that some people have, skinny extension that extends superior from the isthmus

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5
Q

The size of the thyroid depends on (3)

A

Gender
Age
Body habitus/ Height

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6
Q

It is usually bigger in which gender?

A

Females

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7
Q

The usual length, Width and AP of the thyroid?

A

4-6cm
2 cm
2 cm

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8
Q

Out of the L x W x H (AP) which is the most precise/reproducible?

A

AP (2 cm)

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9
Q

The isthmus thickness is typically? (remember units)

A

2-6mm

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10
Q

One of the first places you may notice thickening/enlargement of the gland?

A

isthmus

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11
Q

The trachea is located ____ to the isthmus

A

posterior

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12
Q

The CCA and IJV is located____ and ____ to the thyroid?

A

Lateral ; posterior

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13
Q

The longus coli muscle is located?

A

posterior

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14
Q

The sternocleidomastoid muscle ? (2)

A

slightly anterior and lateral

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15
Q

The SCM (sternocleidomastoid muscles) are slightly ____ to the strap muscles. The strap muscles are ____ to thyroid

A

lateral; anterior

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16
Q

Compared to the thyroid Neurovascular bundle located

A

posterior

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17
Q

The 4 parathyroid glands and located ____ with 2 more ____ and 2 more ____.

A

Posterior; superior; inferior

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18
Q

The esophagus sits___ and slightly to the ____ of the thyroid

A

posterior; left

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19
Q

The Thyroid has a very rich_____ making it hard to biopsy

A

blood supply

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20
Q

The blood supply of the thyroid includes

Rt and Lt ?(2)

A

Inferior and Superior arteries

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21
Q

The Superior arteries are branches of the?

A

ECA

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22
Q

The Inferior arteries are branches of the?

A

Subclavian

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23
Q

The Thyroid is drained by 3 veins?

What are they and where do they drain?

A

Superior, middle in IVJ

inferior into innominate

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24
Q

Lymph drainage is from the?

A

Deep cervical lymph notes around the carotids.

25
Q

*The lymph nodes around the thyroid are looked at with a neck sweep because?

A

It is THE MOST COMMON SITE FOR THYROID CANCER TO METASTASIZE

26
Q

The sonographic appearance of the thyroid (3)

A

Homogeneous
Hyperechoic thin capsule
medium level echoes

27
Q

The sonographic appearance of the Esophagus(2)

A

target appearance and peristalsis when patient swallows (good way to differentiate)

28
Q

The sonographic appearance of the Trachea? (3)

A

Hyperechoic, curvilinear and shadowing

29
Q

The sonographic appearance of the muscles (2)

A

hypoechoic with striations

30
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid??

A

The follicle

31
Q

The follicular cells produce the hormones (2)

A

T3 and T4

32
Q

The lumen contains colloid which is?

A

thick gelatinous material that stores the T3 and T4 produced by the follicular cells

33
Q

The parafollicular cells produce?

A

calcitonin - helps regulate the bloods calcium and phosphate levels.

34
Q

What is the function of the thyroid?

A

Endocrine gland- makes, stores, secretes hormones
Regulates body metabolism
Produces T3, T4 and calcitonin

35
Q

T3 and T4 affect?

A

Our metabolic rate

36
Q

What is used to synthesize T3 and T4 from our diet?

A

Iodine

37
Q

What maintains homeostasis of blood calcium?

A

Calcatonin

decreases concentration of blood calcium by inhibiting breakdown of bone

38
Q

Maintenance of circulating T3 and T4 in the blood is a ___ feed back-system

A

Negative

39
Q

A drop in T3 and T4 decreases our overall BMR (basal metabolic rate)
which triggers the hypothalamus to relase

A

TRH (thryotropin releasing hormone)

40
Q

The TRH causing the release of ____ from the ____gland making more T3 & T4

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); pituitary

41
Q

Thyroid disease can affect the amount of thyroid levels in the blood.
What is is called with normal thyroid levels?

A

Euthyroid

42
Q

What is called when it is High or Low?

A

Hyperthyroid, Hypothyroid

43
Q

Hypothyroidism decreases your ?

A

BMR

44
Q

Hypothyroidism can be related to what 3 things?

A

Low Iodine
gland dysfunction
Pituitary gland abnormality

45
Q

What are the S & S of hypothyroidism?

A 
Weight gain
Hair loss
Lethargy
Cold intolerance
Husky voice
46
Q

Causes of of Hypothyroidism (4)

A

Hashimoto’s
Iodine deficiency
Partial thyroidectomy (1 gland removed)
Pituitary gland problems

47
Q

What is the most common cause of Hypothyroidism in North America?

A

Hashimoto’s

48
Q

What is the most common cause of Hypothyroidism worldwide?

A 
Iodine deficiency 
(poor diets in developing countries)
49
Q

Hyperthyroidism increases BMR. can be causes by what 2 things?

A

Entire thyroid gland over functioning
or
Neoplasm that’s producing excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

50
Q

What are the S & S of hyperthyroidism?(6)

A 
Wt loss, increased appetite
Nervousness
Sweating, heat intolerance 
palpitations
fatigue
exophthalmos (eye bulging)
51
Q

Causes of Hyperthyroidism include (5)

A 
Grave's disease (with goiter)
Toxic adenomas (benign masses, producing toxic amount of the hormone)
Inflammation of the thyroid
Excessive thyroid medication
Pituitary tumors
52
Q

Lab Tests with Hyperthyroid will have increased levels of ___ &____and decreased levels of ____

A

T3 and T4; TSH

Opposite with Hypothyroid
decrease T3 & T4 and increase TSH

53
Q

Graves disease and Hashimoto are both? and produce?

A

Autoimmune disorders and produce thyroid antibodies that attack the thyroid

54
Q

Other test that can be used to assess the thyroid

A

Nuc med scan -> determined function or sees nodules using radioisotope

55
Q

Nuc med Hot nodules are

A

hyperfunctioning (most are benign)

56
Q

Nuc med Cold nodules , don’t take up isotope

A

Non functioning (can have malignant potential)

still usually benign

57
Q

What are some of the indications for performing a thyroid ultrasound (4)

A

Increase in gland size (symmetrical or not)
Changes in metabolism (Wt loss or gain)
Nuc med scan, showing cold nodule
palpable lump

58
Q

Accurate hx includes

A 
Medications
Other diagnostic tests 
Previous surgery
Family hx 
or palpable masses
59
Q

What probe do you use to scan?

A

Highest frequency 12 or 18 MHz

ABDOMEN 4 (10 decks)

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